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CORONATIONS IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY
Coronation have taken place at Westminster since at least 1066, when William the Conqueror arrived in London after his victory at the battle of Hastings. Whether or not Harold, his predecessor as monarch, had been crowned in Edward the Confessor's Abbey is uncertain - coronations do not seem to have had a fixed location before 1066, though several monarchs were crowned at Kingston-upon-Thames, where the King's Stone still exists - but William was determined to reinforce his victory, which gave him the right to rule by conquest, with the sacred hallowing of his sovereignty which the coronation ceremony would give him. He was crowned in the old Abbey - then recently completed and housing Edward the Confessor's body- on Christmas Day 1066.
The service to-day has four parts: first comes the Introduction consisting of: the entry of the Sovereign into the Abbey; the formal recognition of the right of the Sovereign to rule - when the Archbishop presents the Sovereign to the congregation and asks them if they agree to the service proceeding, and they respond with an assent; the oath, when the Sovereign promises to respect and govern in accordance with the lows of his or her subjects and to uphold the Protestant reformed Church of England and Scotland; and the presentation of the Bible to the Sovereign, to be relied on as the source of all wisdom and low. Secondly, the Sovereign is anointed with holy oil, seated on the Coronation Chair. Thirdly, the Sovereign is invested with the royal robes and insignia, then crowned with St Edward's crown. The final ceremony consists of the enthronement of the Sovereign on a throne placed on a raised platform, bringing him or her into full view of the assembled company for the first time, and there he or she receives the homage of the Lords Spiritual, the Lords Temporal and the congregation, representing the people of the realm.
The service has changed little - English replaced Latin as the main language used during the ceremony following Elizabeth 1st coronation, and from 1689 onwards the coronation ceremony has been set within a service of Holy Communion although indeed this was a return to ancient custom rather than the creation of a new precedent).
Coronations have not always followed an identical pattern. Edward YI, for example, was crowned no less than three times, with three different crowns placed in turn upon his head; while at Charles I's coronation there was a misunderstanding and, instead of the congregational assent following the Recognition Question, there was dead silence, the congregation having finally to be told to respond - an ill omen for the future, as it turned out. Charles IPs coronation, following on the greyness of the puritan Commonwealth, was a scene of brilliant colour and great
splendour. As the old regalia had been destroyed, replacements were made for the ceremony, and the clergy were robed in rich red copes - the same copes are still used in the Abbey
George IV saw his coronation as an opportunity for a great theatrical spectacle and spent vast sums of money on it. He wore an auburn wig with ringlets, with a huge plumed hat on top, and designed his own robes for the procession into the Abbey. After the coronation, because Queen Caroline had been forcibly excluded from the ceremony, the crowds in the streets were extremely hostile to him and he had to return to Carlton House by an alternative route.
In complete contrast, William IY took a lot of persuading before he would agree to have a coronation at all, and the least possible amount of money was spent no it - giving it the name the «penny coronation». Despite his dislike of extravagant show and ceremony, he still brought a slightly theatrical touch to the scene by living up to his nickname of the «sailor king» and appearing, when disrobed for the Anointing, in the full-dress uniform of an Admiral of the Fleet.
The last three coronations have demonstrated continuing respect for the religious significance of the ceremony and recognition of the importance of such a public declaration by Sovereign of his or her personal dedication to the service of the people.
At the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953 , for the first time the service was televised and millions of her subjects could see and hear the ceremony taking place. It is possible that few watching realised just how far back into history the roots of that historic ceremony starched, and how little fundamental change had occurred over the centuries.
EXERCISES
I. Choose the correct definition to the following:
1. take up a) careful study or investigation, esp. in order to discover new
facts or information
2. due to smth. or smb. b)to become or make smth completely full
3. fill up c) to fill or occupy an amount of space or time
4. research on d)caused by smth., smb.; because of smth., smb.
5. carry out e)to do smth., as required or specified; to fulfill smth.
Exercise II. Make all the changes necessary to produce five sentences:
1. /The collections/ are distributed/ and/ possessed/ by/ among/ departments/ over
forty/ exhibition/ the museum/ its/ permanent/ seven/.
2. /An important/ the museum/ part/ is taken by/ collection/ among/ the
numismatic/ possessions/.
З./The acquisition of complete/of individual works/ in the 19 / the previous/ century/ period/ was continued/ but/ collections/ of art/ and/ on a more modest scale/ during/ than/.
4. /The Hermitage/ section/ of the very/ on the Continent/ contains/ for / pictures/ is/ which/ a special/ few/ English/ one/.
5. /Joshua Reynolds/ all/ in/ by/ is/ 1780s/ represented/ the/ canvases/ painted/ four/.
Exercise III. Fill in the blanks with the following pronouns: in of from on by
1. The collection has no paintings________ William Hogarth, but some_______ his prints
selected________ a large and representative collection possessed__________ the Museum are
usually________ show.
2. The State Hermitage______ St Petersburg ranks among the world's most outstanding art museums.
3. The Museum numbers among its treasures monuments___________ ancient Greece and Rome and those_________the Greek settlements __________the North coast___ ______the Black Sea.
4. Most helpful_____ the Museum's research work is the Hermitage Library.
5. It is open to every student______ art.
6. A number____ 17th -18th century works are________ show too.
Exercise IV. Choose the correct sentence:
1. a/ The Tretyakov Gallery was founded by a Russian painter - Tretyakov.
b/The Tretyakov Gallery was founded by a Moscow merchant and art patron Tretyakov.
2. a/The Gallery's centenary was widely celebrated throughout Russia in June 1956.
b/The Gallery's, centenary was widely celebrated throughout Russia in May 1856.
3. a/The Gallery's collection has grown considerably in the years since the Revolution.
b/The Gallery's collection has not grown since the Revolution.
4. a/The early Russian Art department and the collections of sculpture and drawings were constant.
b/The early Russian Art department and the collections of sculpture and drawings were enlarged.
5. a/Tretyakov spent his life collecting the works of Russian painters.
b/Tretyakov spent 10 years collecting the works of Russian painters.
Exercise V. Read the information about the Tretyakov Gallery and answer the following questions:
1. Is the Tretyakov Gallery one of the best-known picture galleries of the world? Why?
2. What do you know about the history of the Tretyakov Gallery?
3. Who was it founded by?
4. When and how did Tretyakov begin his collection?
5. Did he collect antique icons?
6. He was on friendly terms with many progressive, democratic Russian painters, wasn't he?
7. Why did his collection grow rapidly?
8. What pictures do you know from the Tretyakov Gallery?
9. What do you know about the Tretyakov Gallery's collection of «Peredvizniki»?
10. What were the first pictures of Tretyakov's collection?
Exercise V I. Choose the correct word to complete the sentence:
1. Buckingham Palace is the official /residence, home/ of the Her Majesty The Queen.
2. The Queen's House was gradually /ruined, modernised/.
3. John Nash had rightly /predicted, promised/ that the Palace would prove too small, but this was a fault capable of remedy.
4. In 1847 the architect Edward Blore /added, took away/ the East front.
5. It /isn't, is/ the centre of a large office complex.
6. The business of monarchy /sometimes, never/ stops.
7. Buckingham Palace became the /administrative, juriditial/ centre of the monarchy.
8. Buckingham Palace /is, was/ built for Jihn, first Duke of Buckingham, between 1702 and 1705.
9. The director of the Royal Collection is /responsible, look after/ for one of the finest collections of works of art in the world.
10. The Royal collection is a vast assemblage of works of art of all /sizes, kinds/
Exercise VII. Give Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions and use them in your own sentences:
1 .potent symbols 2.carry out 3.suitor 4.predict 5.coronation 6.ill-fated 7.dignity 8.eccentricity 9.accredit 10.require
Exercise VIII. True or false?
1. Windsor Castle is the youngest royal residence.
2. The Castle covers an area of nearly 30 acres.
3. The Castle was founded by William the Conqueror in 1080.
4. Norman castles were built to a special plan.
5. Queen Victoria spent the smallest part of a year at Windsor.
6. St George's Chapel is the spiritual home of of the Prodder of the Garter, Britain's senior Order of Chivalry.
7. Windsor is only the place of beauty without any functions.
8. St George is the patron saint of the Order.
9. The Valley Gardens are open only in summer.
10. The vaulted ceiling of the Albert Memorial Chapel is decorated in gold mosaic
by Antonio Salviati.
Exercise IX. Fill in the blanks with the correct tense forms of the verbs in brackets:
In many ways Windsor Castle (enjoy) its apogee in the reign of Queen Victoria. She____(spend) the largest portion of every year at Windsor, and in her reign it _____(enjoy) the position of principal palace of the British monarchy and the focus of the British Empire as well as nearly the whole of the royal Europe.
The Castle______ (visit) by heads of state from all over the world and___________ (be) the
scene of a series of splendid state__________ (use) for their original purpose by royal guests.
Exercise X. Retell the text about St George's Chapel using the following: spiritual home; founded by; medieval style; to bury; represented by.
Exercise XI. Give Russian equivalents to the following words and expressions from the text about Westminster Abbey and use them in sentences of your own:
l.reerect 2. clumsy 3.grave 4. intricate 5. Commemoration 6. abolition 7. conquest
8. congregation 9. an auburn wig
Exercise XII. Fill in the blanks with the following prepositions: of on from for by
1 .Westminster Abbey is one________ the most famous, historic and widely visited churches not only_______Britain but____________ the whole Christian world.
2.______ 1920 the body______ another unknown soldier was brought back__________ the
battlefields to be reburied_________ the Abbey______ 11 November.
3.The Henry VII Chapel, beyond the apse, was begun_____________ 1503 as a burial place
_____ Henry VII,______ the orders______ Henry VII, but it was Henry VII himself who
was finally buried here,_________ an elaborate tomb.
4. At the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II___________ 1953 ,_____ the first time the service
was televised and millions__________ her subjects could see and hear the ceremony taking
place.
5.The last three coronations have demonstrated continuing respect_______________ the
religious significance_________ ceremony and recognition________ the importance______such
a public declaration_________ sovereign______ his or her personal dedication to the service
_____ the people.
Exercise XIII. Answer the following questions:
1 .Why is Westminster Abbey so popular not only in Britain but in the whole world?
2.When was the Lady Chapel rebuilt as the magnificent Henry YII Chapel?
3.The Nave was begun by Abbot Litlington, wasn't it?
4. What was originally the part of the Abbey where the monks worshiped?
5.Where does the High Altar stand?
6.Who was the first poet buried in the Abbey?
7. What do you know about processes of coronation today?
8. Have coronations always followed an identical pattern?
9. Who was crowned no less than three times?
10. What was special in the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II?
WORLD'S PAINTERS
| Leonardo da Vinci | 1452-1519, an Italian painter |
| Manet | 1832-1883,a French painter |
| Michelangelo | 1475-1564,an Italian sculptor, painter, poet |
| Millet | 1814-1875,a French painter |
| Monet | 1840-1926,a French painter |
| Murillo | 1617-1682,a Spanish painter |
| Phidias | 5th cent. BC, a Greek sculptor |
| Pissaro | 1830-1903, a French painter |
| Potter | 1625-1654,a Dutch painter |
| Raphael | 1483-1520,an Italian painter |
| Rembrandt | 1606-1669,a Dutch painter |
| Reynolds | 1841 -1919,an English painter |
| Roerich | 1874-1947,a Russian painter |
| Rubens | 1577-1640,a Flemish painter |
| Sargent | 1856-1925,an American painter |
| Scott,Gilbert | 1811-1878,an English architect |
| Show, Norman | 1831-1912,an English architect |
| Titan | 1477-1576,an Italian painter |
| Turner | 1775-1881,an English landscape painter |
| Van Der Heist | 1613-1676,aDutch portrait painter |
| Van Gogh | 1853-1890,a Dutch painter |
| Vasari | 151 l-1571,an Italian painter and art historian |
| Velasques | 1599-1660,a Spanish painter |
| Whistler | 1834-1903,an American painter |
| Zurbaran | 1598-1662,a Spanish painter |
Sargent 1856-1925,an American painter
Scott,Gilbert 1811-1878,an English architect
Show, Norman 1831-1912,an English architect
Titan 1477-1576,an Italian painter
Turner 1775-1881,an English landscape painter
Van Der Heist 1613-1676,aDutch portrait painter
Van Gogh 1853-1890,a Dutch painter
Vasari 151 l-1571,an Italian painter and art historian
Velasques 1599-1660,a Spanish painter
Whistler 1834-1903,an American painter
Zurbaran 1598-1662,a Spanish painter