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Topic 5: The Cold War

 

1. To what extent did events in the final year of the Second World War turn wartime allies into Cold War enemies?
2. Compare and contrast the policies of the USA and the USSR towards Korea between 1945 and 1955.
3. Assess the impact of the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan on the development of the Cold War between 1945 and 1961.
4. In what ways, and to what extent, did the Cold War become less confrontational after 1970?
5. Assess the importance of social and economic issues in causing opposition to communist regimes.

 

Specimen Test: Paper III

1. Why, and with what results for the French monarchy did Louis XVI summon the States General in 1789?
2. How far is it true to say that Napoleon I was an enlightened despot?
3. In what ways was the Congress System important for Europe?
4. Account for the outbreak of revolution in any two European countries in 1848.
5. “Cavour was the most important and the most successful of the exponents [promoters] of Italian unification.” How far do you agree with this assertion?
6. Compare and contrast the foreign and colonial policies (excluding Ireland) of Disraeli and Gladstone.
7. Assess the relative importance of the Zollverein and Bismarck’s policies in bringing about the unification of Germany.
8. Define the Eastern Question and assess its importance for Europe in the second half of the nineteenth century.
9. Why was Alexander II called the Tsar Liberator?
10. Examine the effects of the spread of railways in nineteenth century Europe.
11. Assess the effects of two of the following on any one nineteenth century European country: the extension of the franchise; scientific discoveries; urbanization.
12. In what ways did France benefit from the rule of Napoleon III?
13. Examine the impact on both countries of the union of Norway and Sweden between 1814 and 1905.
14. Why were there two revolutions in Russia in 1917?
15. How and why did the First World War bring about social and economic changes in any one European country?
16. What were the main criticisms of the League of Nations and to what extent were they justified?
17. How far is it true to say that the Weimar Republic was a complete failure?
18. Compare and contrast the domestic policies of Hitler and Mussolini up to 1939.
19. What were the main causes and results of the Spanish Civil War?
20. What do you understand by the term appeasement? How far was appeasement responsible for the outbreak of war in 1939?
21. Evaluate the domestic and foreign policies of Khrushchev.
22. Examine the impact of the Cold War on Western Europe between 1945 and 1965.
23. Compare and contrast the policies and importance to their countries of Adenauer and De Gaulle.
24. Analyze the main developments in education in any one European country in the twentieth century.
25. What were the main economic problems faced by the Soviet bloc (excluding the USSR) between 1950 and 1990?

 

Test: Paper III

 

1. Account for the financial weakness of the French Monarchy in the second half of the eighteenth century and show how far this weakness was responsible for the outbreak of revolution in France in 1789.
2. In what ways did Napoleon I’s domestic policies benefit France in the period 1799-1815?
3. How far did the Congress of Vienna solve the problems faced by its delegates?
4. Evaluate the achievements of Robert Peel as Home Secretary and as Prime Minister of Britain.
5. Compare and contrast the contributions of Mazzini and Garibaldi to Italian unification.
6. What were the causes and results of the 1848 revolutions in the Austrian Empire?
7. In 1867, Bismarck said: “Anyone who has looked into the eyes of a soldier dying on the battlefield will think hard before starting a war.” Analyze Bismarck’s foreign policy in light of these words.
8. What was the Eastern Question and why did it cause problems for Europe in the second half of the nineteenth century?
9. Assess the importance of the development in any one European country in the second half of the nineteenth century, of two of the following: railways; social legislation; agricultural changes.
10. In what ways did educational reform affect any one European country between 1850 and 1900?
11. How far would you agree that Napoleon III was more successful in his domestic than his foreign policy?
12. Why, in spite of his efforts to reform Russian institutions, was Alexander II assassinated?
13. What were the main problems faced by the Third French Republic between 1870 and 1900?
14. Evaluate the relative importance of imperialism, the arms race and the failure of diplomacy in causing the First World War.
15. Compare and contrast the roles of Lenin and Trotsky in establishing the USSR up to 1924.
16. How far is it true to say that the Weimar Republic was doomed from its foundation?
17. “Its frown will soon be more dreaded than a nation’s arms.” Why did this comment on the League of Nations, made in 1929 prove to be incorrect?
18. Compare and contrast the foreign policies up to the outbreak of the Second World War of Mussolini and Hitler.
19. Analyze the causes and results of the Spanish Civil War.
20. Assess the impact of Hitler, and the Second World War on one Scandinavian country.
21. How and why did the Second World War bring about the social and economic changes in one European country excluding Scandinavia?
22. Why and with what results for Europe did the USSR become involved in the Cold War up to the death of Stalin?
23. Explain whom you consider was more successful in his own country, Adenauer or de Gaulle?
24. Analyze the internal history of one East European country, excluding the USSR, from 1953 to 1990.
25. How has twentieth century Europe been affected by two of the following: increased leisure opportunities; pressure groups; peace movements?

Test: Paper III

1. To what extent was the weakness of the French Monarchy responsible for the outbreak and course of the French Revolution between 1789 and January 1793?
2. “He restored order and brought back prosperity.” How far do you agree with this judgment of the domestic policies of Napoleon I during the period 1799 to 1815?
3. Evaluate the economic and political causes of the 1848 Revolutions in the Austrian Empire and German Confederation.
4. Analyze the events of 1848 which deposed Louis Philippe and explain why his reign ended in revolution.
5. In what ways was the unification of Italy hindered between 1848 and 1870 by both the Papacy and the division of Italy into separate spheres?
6. Why had Prussia replaced Austria as the leading Germanic power by 1866?
7. Napoleon III said, “Some people say the Empire means war; personally I say the Empire means peace.” How far do you agree with Napoleon III’s statement?
8. Explain the domestic policies of Gladstone and Disraeli in Britain between 1868 and 1880 and assess their importance for Britain.
9. Examine the role of Russia in the Eastern Question between 1850 and 1878 and assess the success of Russia’s policies in this area during this period.
10. Analyze the aims, successes, and failures of Bismarck’s domestic policies 1871 to 1890.
11. Explain the nature and assess the importance of the development of either industry or transport in one nineteenth century European country.
12. In what ways, and for what reasons, was there an increase of either education or the franchise [right to vote] in one or more European countries during the nineteenth century?
13. Why was the Dual Monarchy of Austria/Hungary important in European history between 1867 and 1918?
14. Assess the political developments in one Scandinavian country in either the nineteenth or the twentieth century.
15. Analyze the part played by the failure of Tsardom in causing the February/March Revolution in Russia in 1917.
16. “In 1914 Europe arrived at a point when every country was afraid of the present and Germany was afraid of the future.” What do you understand by this comment and how far do you agree with it?
17. Compare and contrast the economic aims and policies of Lenin (1917 to 1924) and Stalin (1928 to 1941).
18. How and why was Hitler able to become dictator of Germany?
19. Why was the League of Nations ignored in the pre-war crises of 1938 to 1939?
20. With what justification can the term “total war” be applied to the Second World War?
21. Compare and contrast political and economic developments under Adenauer in Germany and de Gaulle in France.
22. How, why, and with what success, did Tito follow independent policies in Yugoslavia between 1945 and 1980?
23. “Politically Khrushchev brought new hope to the USSR and to Europe, economically he was a disaster.” How justified is this comment of Khrushchev as leader of the Soviet Union 1953 to 1964?
24. Explain in what ways and to what extent either Spain or Portugal moved away from dictatorship in the 1970s.
25. Assess the importance of the changes in either the media or working conditions and patterns, in twentieth century Europe.

Test: Paper III

 

1. To what extent were the weaknesses of the French Monarchy responsible for the outbreak of revolution in France in 1789?
2. What part did Napoleon I’s policies play in his fall from power in 1814?
3. Evaluate the extent to which Metternich achieved his aims for Austria and for Europe.
4. How far is it true to say that, “Louis XVIII’s policies proved that the Bourbon restoration in France could work, but that the policies of Charles X ensured it would fail.”
5. Account for the outbreak of any two revolutions in 1848 and assess their results.
6. Analyze the aims, motives and policies of Cavour between 1852 and 1861.
7. Compare and contrast Bismarck’s policies towards Austria and France between 1862 and 1871.
8. In what ways did the domestic and foreign policies of Disraeli benefit Britain?
9. How far is it true to say that Russia was transformed into a modern country between 1855 and 1900?
10. How important was the search for raw materials and new markets as a reason for European imperialism?
11. To what extent, and with what results, did Napoleon III liberalize the Second Empire in France?
12. Discuss the changing relations between either Sweden and Norway or Finland and Russia in the nineteenth century.
13. Account for the popularity of the novel in nineteenth century Europe.
14. In what ways did the crises and political scandals in France both weaken and strengthen the Third Republic between 1880 and 1905?
15. Compare and contrast the causes of the 1905 and February/March 1917 revolutions in Russia.
16. “The Versailles Treaty was criticized by both winners and losers.” How justified was the criticism?
17. What were the political and economic successes and failures of the Weimar Republic?
18. Why did the history of Italy from 1900 to 1922 lead to the rise of Mussolini and the establishment of a Fascist Regime?
19. What was the impact of the Wall Street crash upon any one European country (excluding Germany) up to 1939?
20. Explain why Franco’s forces won the Spanish Civil War, and why the Republican forces lost.
21. Why, and with what results, was the policy of appeasement adopted by Britain and France in the 1930s?
22. Compare the Cold War policies of Stalin and Khrushchev from 1945 to 1964.
23. Explain how any one western European state recovered from the devastation of the Second World War.
24. What factors led to the collapse of Communist domination in Eastern Europe by 1990?
25. “A revolution.” How accurately does this describe changes in transport in twentieth century Europe?

 

Test: Paper III

1. In what ways and for what reasons was the French Revolution, between 1789 and 1795, a period of constitutional and legal changes?
2. In 1810 Napoleon I wrote “My principle is France before everything.” To what extent did the career of Napoleon I from 1799 to 1815 follow this principle?
3. “The success of the Congress of Vienna has been much exaggerated.” How valid is this assessment of the short-term and long-term results of the Congress?
4. Compare and contrast the aims and policies of Louis XVIII and Charles X.
5. Why has it been claimed that Italian unification needed both a Cavour and a Garibaldi?
6. Analyze the successes and the failures of one British Prime Minister between 1837 and 1901.
7. How far is it true to say that Austria lost control of Germany rather than Prussia gained it?
8. Evaluate the aims and results of Russian foreign policy between 1850 and 1900.
9. “Bismarck’s policies both at home and abroad, between the years 1871 and 1890, merely stored up problems for the future, both for Germany and for Europe.” To what extent do you agree with this verdict?
10. In what ways did developments in transport and industry increase the prosperity of one European country in the nineteenth century?
11. What were the important trends of intellectual and cultural developments in Europe in the nineteenth century?
12. Analyze the successes and failures of Napoleon III’s domestic policies.
13. Examine the impact during the nineteenth century of a) one Scandinavian country on Europe, and b) Europe on one Scandinavian country.
14. Account for the weakness and decline of Austria-Hungary between 1867 and 1914.
15. “Much of Lenin’s success was no doubt explained by his towering domination over his [Bolshevik] party.” To what extent does this explanation account for his rise to power and rule, 1917 to 1924?
16. In what ways, and for what reasons, did the Treaty of Versailles cause political problems in the 1920s in Europe, for both the victorious and the defeated nations?
17. What is meant by a search for collective security, why was it necessary and how successful were European countries in their search between 1919 and 1939?
18. Evaluate Mussolini’s rule in Italy between 1922 and 1940.
19. Assess the impact of political and constitutional developments in either Spain between 1930 and 1939, or Portugal between 1968 and 1976.
20. Examine the effects of Nazi Germany on either one Scandinavian or on one east or central European country. (excluding USSR and Germany).
21. Account for the defeat of Germany and her allies in the Second World War.
22. For what reasons, and with what results, was Western Europe affected by the Cold War after 1945?
23. Compare and contrast the policies of Khrushchev and Gorbachev.
24. Analyze political and economic changes since 1953 in either one central or east European country (excluding the USSR).
25. Examine the impact on one European country of, either education reforms or artistic movements.

 

Test—Paper III

 

1. To what extent was an outdated monarchy the cause of the 1789 French Revolution?
2. Evaluate the results for France, and for Europe, of Napoleon Bonaparte’s foreign policy.
3. For what reasons, and with what results, did the Congress of Vienna and the various meetings of the Congress system take place?
4. Why did Louis Philippe become King of France in 1830, but lose his throne in 1848?
5. Compare and contrast Peel and Palmerston as statesmen and politicians of Victorian Britain.
6. “Cavour united Italy not because he intended or wanted to, but because circumstances forced him to.” To what extent do you agree with this judgment?
7. In what ways, and with what results, did economic developments and the 1848 revolutions affect the changing balance of power between Austria and Prussia between 1815 and 1862?
8. “Alexander II tried to reform Russian institutions only because the Crimean War showed that Russia was no longer a great military power.” Use specific examples of Alexander’s reforms to show to what extent you agree with this assertion.
9. In what ways, and with what results, between 1862 and 1871, was Germany unified under Prussia?
10. In what ways, and with what results, did the daily life and status of women change during the nineteenth century? Specific evidence should be given from one or more European countries.
11. Explain and evaluate the demands for, and the extension of, the franchise in one European country during the nineteenth century.
12. Why and with what effects on both countries, was Norway ceded to Sweden in 1814, and the union between the two countries dissolved in 1905?
13. Analyze the main political developments in either France or Spain between 1848 and 1914.
14. In what ways, and for what reasons, did the First World War lead to economic and social changes? Specific examples should be given from one or more European countries for the period 1914 to 1930.
15. Compare and contrast the nature and results of the two 1917 Russian Revolutions.
16. Analyze the political developments and external relations of either Weimar Germany between 1919 and 1933 or Great Britain between 1918 and 1935.
17. Why had Stalin become ruler of the USSR by 1929?
18. For what reasons, and with what results, did Mussolini abandon his Stresa Front allies, France and Great Britain, and ally with Hitler in 1936?
19. Evaluate Hitler’s social, economic, and religious policies between 1933 and 1939.
20. To what extent was the failure and collapse of the League of Nations the cause of the Second World War?
21. Assess the rule of either Franco in Spain or Caetano in Portugal.
22. In what ways, and for what reasons, did the Soviet Union’s Cold War policies affect Germany between 1945 and 1961?
23. Assess the strengths and weaknesses of France under de Gaulle.
24. Account for and assess the rise and fall of a Communist regime in either one Eastern or one Central European state excluding the USSR.
25. For what reasons, and with what effects, did leisure activities and the media become more widespread and important in one or more European countries during the twentieth century?

 

Paper III

 

1. To what extent did the actions and policies of Louis XVI cause the outbreak, and affect the course, of the French Revolution until 1793?
2. Analyze the effects of the policies upon France, of either Napoleon I between 1800 and 1815, or Charles X between 1824 and 1830.
3. Assess the main weaknesses up to 1848 of the Vienna Settlement and the Congress System.
4. “Victorian Britain’s most successful prime minister.” To what extent do you agree with this assessment of Gladstone?
5. Compare and contrast the contributions made by Cavour and Garibaldi to Italian unification.
6. Why was Germany unified under Prussia and not under Austria?
7. Why did Napoleon III become Emperor of France in 1852 and lose his empire in 1870?
8. “The emancipation of the serfs in Russia was the only genuine reform introduced by Alexander II.” To what extent do you agree with this assertion?
9. Analyze the successes and failures of Bismarck’s domestic policies between 1871 and 1890.
10. Assess the impact on nineteenth century Europe of two of the following: imperialism; industrialization; urbanization.
11. Examine the main political and economic developments in Spain in the second half of the nineteenth century.
12. Why was the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary formed in 1867, and dissolved after the First World War?
13. To what extent, and with what results, did educational reforms take place in one European country in either the nineteenth or the twentieth century?
14. Why did Germany and her allies lose the First World War?
15. Assess the part played by Lenin in the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution and in the new Soviet State until his death in 1924.
16. Compare and contrast the economic problems faced by two European countries between 1919 and 1939.
17. Analyze the impact of Hitler either on Finland or on one Scandinavian country between 1933 and 1945.
18. To what extent were the aims of Mussolini’s domestic and foreign policies achieved between 1923 and 1939?
19. In what ways, and to what extent, did foreign aid to both the Nationalists and the Republicans between 1936 and 1939 contribute to the outcome of the Spanish Civil War?
20. How important were appeasement and the collapse of the League of Nations as causes of the Second World War?
21. Assess the impact of the foreign policy of either Stalin between 1941 and 1953 or Khrushchev between 1956 and 1964, on the USSR and Europe.
22. In what ways, and with what results, did one western European country recover from postwar problems between 1945 and 1970?
23. What were the main political and economic problems faced by one central or eastern European country (excluding the USSR) between 1945 and 1990?
24. “Considering the difficulties he faced, the success achieved by Gorbachev was remarkable.” To what extent do you agree with this judgment?
25. Why did twentieth century Europe experience an increase in the availability and popularity of sport and other leisure activities?