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Law system in the USA

Exercise 1.Read the following text and find the answer to the questions:

1. What is the main instru­ment of the federal judiciary?

2. What does Supreme Court determine?

3. What does Supreme Court consists of?

4. Who fixes the number of judges sitting on the Court?

5. How long do a chief justice and eight associate justices hold office as Supreme Court Justices?

6. Can a decision of the Supreme Court be appealed to any other court?

The third branch of government is the federal judiciary. Its main instru­ment is the Supreme Court, which watches over the other two branches. It determines whether or not their laws and acts are in accordance with the Constitution. Congress has the power to fix the number of judges sitting on the Court, but it cannot change the powers given to the Supreme Court by the Constitution itself. The Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and eight associate justices. They are nominated by the President but must be approved by the Senate. Once approved, they hold office as Supreme Court Justices for life. A decision of the Supreme Court cannot be appealed to any other court. Neither the President nor Congress can change their decisions. In addition to the Supreme Court, Congress has established 11 federal courts of appeal and, below them, 91 federal district courts.

The Supreme Court has direct jurisdiction in only two kinds of cases: those involving foreign diplomats and those in which a state is a party. All other cases which reach the Court are appeals from lower courts. The Su­preme Court chooses which of these it will hear. Most of the cases involve the interpretation of the Constitution. The Supreme Court also has the «power of judicial review,» that is, it has the right to declare laws and ac­tions of the federal, state, and local governments unconstitutional. While not stated in the Constitution, this power was established over time.

Exercise 2. Give the English equivalents for the following:

– законодательная власть;

– исполнительная власть;

– судебная власть;

– делить;

– гражданский, обычный;

– уголовный;

– юрисдикция;

– проводить различие, различать;

– преступление, правонарушение;

– подлежащий рассмотрению в суде, уголовный;

– не подлежащий рассмотрению в суде;

– обвинительный акт;

– быть обвиненным в чем-либо;

– обвинение, заключительная речь судьи к присяж­ным;

– предварительное расследование;

– председательствовать;

– мировой судья;

– ежеквартальные судебные сессии;

– юридически правомочный;

– председатель;

– выездные сессии суда присяжных, выездные сессии Верховного Суда;

– определять, устанавливать;

– в соответствии с чем-либо, согласно чему-либо;

– четко устанавливать, закреплять;

– одобрять;

– основывать, создавать, учреждать;

– судебный пересмотр;

– признавать, объявлять, провозглашать.

 

TOPIC 4.THE LEGAL PROFESSION

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