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She is taller than her sister.
He is the youngest in his family.
5. Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect Continuous
Present Perfect употребляется для выражения действия, законченного к настоящему моменту и связанного с этим моментом.
Present Perfect используется:
1) для констатации факта совершения действия без указания на время его совершения: I have written a letter.
2) когда указан период времени, который еще не закончился: today, this week, this month, this year: I haven’t seen Ann today.
3) с наречиями never(никогда), ever(когда-либо), just(только что), yet(еще), аlready(уже): Nick has just come back.
4) с обстоятельствами времени, указывающими на период, в течение которого происходило или могло происходить действие, начиная с какого-то момента прошедшего времени и вплоть до настоящего времени: lately(в последнее время), for a long time(в течение долгого времени), how long(как долго), so far(до сих пор), up to now(до настоящего момента), for three hours(в течение трех часов), since(с тех пор как): Have you been to the cinema lately?
Present Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have и причастия прошедшего времени(Particle II) смыслового глагола. Particle II правильных глаголов образуется при помощи окончания -ed к неопределенной форме глагола: to ask- asked, to work – worked;
Particle II неправильных глаголов образуется чередованием звуков в корне (3-я форма глагола): go – went – gone, do – did – done.
| I/You/We/They’ve (have) worked | Have I/you/we/they worked? | I/You/We/They haven’t (have not) worked. |
| He/she/It’s (has) worked. | Has he/she/it worked? | He/she/It hasn’t (has not) worked. |
Present Perfect Continuous обозначает действие или состояние, которое началось в прошедшем и продолжалось в течение определенного периода до момента речи и либо еще продолжается в этот момент, либо закончилось непосредственно перед ним. Present Perfect Continuous образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем перфектном времени (настоящем, прошедшем или будущем) и причастия настоящего времени (Present Participle) смыслового глагола.
I have been waiting for you for three hours.
Stative verbs (глаголы состояния) не употребляются в Present Perfect Continuous. Stative verbs :
∙ feelings: hate, like, love, prefer, want.
∙ thoughts: believe, feel, know, think, understand.
∙ possession: belong, have, own.
∙ senses: feel, hear, see, smell, sound, taste.
∙ appearance: appear, look (like), seem.
Irregular verbs
| be | was/were | been | let | let | let | |
| become | became | become | lose | lost | lost | |
| begin break | began broke | begun broken | make | made | made | |
| bring | brought | brought | mean | meant | meant | |
| build | built | built | meet | met | met | |
| buy | bought | bought | pay | paid | paid | |
| catch | caught | caught | put | put | put | |
| choose | chose | chosen | read | read | read | |
| come | came | come | ring | rang | rung | |
| cost | cost | cost | run | ran | run | |
| cut | cut | cut | say | said | said | |
| do | did | done | see | saw | seen | |
| draw | drew | drawn | sell | sold | sold | |
| drink | drank | drunk | send | sent | sent | |
| drive | drove | driven | show | showed | shown | |
| eat | ate | eaten | shut | shut | shut | |
| fall | fell | fallen | sit sing | sat sang | sat sung | |
| feed | fed | fed | sleep | slept | slept | |
| feel | felt | felt | speak | spoke | spoken | |
| fight | fought | fought | spend | spent | spent | |
| find | found | found | stand | stood | stood | |
| fly | flew | flown | steal | stole | stolen | |
| forget | forgot | forgotten | swim | swam | swum | |
| get | got | got | take | took | taken | |
| give | gave | given | teach | taught | taught | |
| go | went | gone | tell | told | told | |
| have | had | had | think throw | thought threw | thought thrown | |
| hear | heard | heard | understand | understood | understood | |
| keep | kept | kept | wake | woke | woken | |
| know | knew | known | wear | wore | worn | |
| learn | learned/learnt | learned/learnt | win | won | won | |
| leave | left | left | write | wrote | written |
Literature
1. Sarah Cunningham, Peter Moor “Cutting edge”, Pearson Longman, 2009
2. Virginia Evans, Jenny Dooley “Upload”, Express Publishing, 2011
3. Clive Oxenden, Cristina Latham-Koenig, Paul Seligson “New English File”, Oxford University Press, 2009
4. Kathy Gude, Michael Duckworth “Matrix” Oxford University Press, 2008
5. Sue Kay, Vaughan Jones “New Inside Out” Macmillan Publishers Limited, 2008
6. Philip Kerr “Straightforward” Macmillan Publishers Limited, 2005
7. Bob Hastings, Marta Uminska “Exam Activator” Pearson Education Limited, 2010