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ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ I К СЕМИНАРАМ ПО ГРАММАТИКЕ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА.
Таблица1. Четыре основные формы английского глагола и герундий
| Infinitive (Vo) | Past Indefinite | Past Participle (Participle II/ V3) | Present Participle (Participle I/Ving) | Gerund (Ving) |
| To ask (regular verb) | asked | asked | asking | asking |
| To do (irregular verb) | did | done | doing | doing |
Таблица 2. Видо-временные формы глагола (личные).
| Active Voice (действительный залог) | ||||
| Indefinite/Simple | Continuous/Progressive | Perfect/ Simple Perfect | Perfect Continuous/ Perfect Progressive | |
| Present | I (you, we, they) work /eat –Do I work/eat? I do not (don’t) work/eat. He (she, it) works/eats – Does he work/eat? – He does not (doesn’t) work /eat. | I am working/eating. –Am I working/eating? - I am not working/eating. You (we, they) are working /eating. – Are you working /eating? – You are not (aren’t) working/eating. He (she, it) is working /eating. – Is he working /eating? – He is not (isn’t) working/eating. | I (you, we, they) have worked /eaten –Have I worked /eaten?- I have not (haven’t) worked /eaten. He (she, it) has worked /eaten. – Has he worked /eaten? – He has not (hasn’t) worked /eaten. | I (you, we, they) have been working/eating. –Have I been working /eating? - I have not (haven’t) been working /eating. He (she, it) has been working/eating. – Has he been working/eating? – He has not (hasn’t) been working/eating. |
| Past | I (you, we, they) worked /ate –Did I work/eat? I did not (didn’t) work/eat. He (she, it) worked/ate – Did he work/eat? – He did not (didn’t) work/eat. | I (he, she, it) was working /eating. –Was I working /eating? - I was not (wasn’t) working/eating. You (we, they) were working /eating. – Were you working/eating? – You were not (weren’t) working /eating. | I (we, you, he, she, it, they) had worked /eaten –Had I worked /eaten? - I had not (hadn’t) worked /eaten. | I (we, you, he, she, it, they) had been working /eating.– Had I (we, you, he, she, it, they) been working/eating? – I (we, you, he, she, it, they) had not (hadn’t) been working/eating. |
| Future | I (we) shall work/eat – Shall I work/eat? – I shall not (shan’t) work /eat. You (he, she, it, they) will work/eat. – Will you work/eat? – You will not (won’t) work/eat. | I (we) shall be working/eating. – Shall I be working/eating? – I shall not (shan’t) be working/eating. You (he, she, it, they) will be working/eating. – Will you be working/eating? – You will not (won’t) be working/eating. | I (we) shall have worked /eaten. – Shall I have worked /eaten? – I shall not (shan’t) have worked /eaten. You (he, she, it, they) will have worked /eaten. – Will you have worked /eaten? – You will not (won’t) have worked /eaten. | I (we) shall have been working/eating. – Shall I (we) have been working /eating? – I (we) shall not (shan’t) have been working/eating. You (he, she, it, they) will have been working/eating. – Will you (he, she, it, they) have been working/eating? – You (he, she, it, they)will not (won’t) have been working/eating. |
| Обычное действие; регулярно повторяю-щеееся; в прошлом и будущем – неопред-еленно обозначенный момент времени. Often, always, seldom, sometimes, usually, on Sundays, etc. When (exact date). In 1999 / 2020. Yesterday, tomorrow. Present: Общая харак-теристика без указания времени, универсаль-ная истина. Историческое настоя-щее. Выражение буду-щего действия (запла-нированного). | Действие в процессе в конкретно указанный момент или промежуток времени. Now, at the (exact) moment, at present. From… to. When (another action). Эмфатическое или образное обобщение - Generalization: constantly, always, this year, all smb’s life. Present: Действие в самом ближайшем будущем в соответствии с графиком, договоренностью. | Действие, законченное к моменту времени с определенным результа-том; момент времени не является важным, и период времени в настоящем может быть не завершен. Not…yet, alresdy, before, just, ever, never, lately, recently, etc. For (many years, last few days, ages etc.), in a long while, all ont’s life. Since. Для Past Рerfect и Future Perfect определенный момент времени, к которому действие завершено, указан предлогом by. | Действие в процессе длительный период времени, который может быть не завершен к определенному моменту времени в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем. For, since. Употребление Present Continuous частично совпадает с употреблением простых форм Рerfect. Нежелательно в отрицательных предложениях. |
| Passive Voice (страдательный залог) | |||
| Indefinite/Simple | Continuous/Progressive | Perfect/ Simple Perfect | |
| Present | I (you, we, they) am invited/taught. –Am I invited/taught? - I am not invited /taught. You (we, they) are invited/taught. – Are you(we, they) invited/taught ? -You (we, they) are not (aren’t) invited/taught, He (she, it) is invited/taught. – Is he (she, it) invited/taught? – He(she, it) is not (isn’t) invited/taught. | I am being invited/taught. –Am I being invited/taught? - I am not being invited/taught. You (we, they) are being invited /taught. – Are you (we, they) being invited /taught? – You (we, they) are not (aren’t) being invited/taught. He (she, it) is being invited/taught. – Is he (she, it) being invited/taught? – He (she, it) is not (isn’t) being invited/taught. | I (you, we, they) have been invited/taught. – Have I (you, we, they) been invited /taught?- I (you, we, they) have not (haven’t) been invited/taught. He (she, it) has been invited/taught. – Has he (she, it) been invited/taught? – He (she, it) has not (hasn’t) been invited/taught. |
| Past | I (he, she, it) was invited/taught. –Was I (he, she, it) invited/taught? - I (he, she, it) was not (wasn’t) invited/taught. You (we, they) were invited/taught. – Were you (we, they) invited/taught? – You (we, they) were not (weren’t) invited/taught. | I (he, she, it) was being invited/taught. –Was I(he, she, it) being invited /taught? - I (he, she, it) was not (wasn’t) being invited/taught. You (we, they) were being invited/taught. – Were you (we, they) being invited/taught? – You (we, they) were not (weren’t) being invited/taught. | I (we, you, he, she, it, they) had been invited/taught –Had I(we, you, he, she, it, they) been invited /taught? - I (we, you, he, she, it, they) had not (hadn’t) been invited/taught. |
| Future | I (we) shall be invited/taught. – Shall I (we) be invited/taught? – I (we) shall not (shan’t) be invited/taught. You (he, she, it, they) will be invited/taught. – Will you (he, she, it, they) be invited /taught? – You (he, she, it, they) will not (won’t) be invited/taught. | I (we) shall have been invited/taught. – Shall I(we) have been invited/taught? – I (we) shall not (shan’t) have been invited/taught. You (he, she, it, they) will have been invited/taught. – Will you (he, she, it, they) have been invited/taught? – You (he, she, it, they) will not (won’t) have been invited/taught. | |
| Употребление форм Passive Voice совпадает с употреблением форм Active Voice (см. выше) |
Таблица 3. Формы сослагательного наклонения.
| Simple (old) forms: | |
| a) Indefinite Infinitive (without to) | |
| It is important that your translation be good. | Важно, чтобы ваш перевод был хорошим. |
| b) Forms like Past Indefinite | |
| The work would be done if they prepared for it properly. | Работу можно было бы сделать, если бы они подготовились к ней должным образом. |
| It looked as if the reform were by, and for the nobility. | Казалось, как будто бы реформа была проведена знатью и для знати. |
| c) Forms like Past Perfect | |
| The work would have been done long ago if they had prepared for it properly. | Работа уже давно была бы сделана, если бы они подготовились к ней должным образом. |
| Analytical (new) form: | |
| should would could might | + Infinitive without to (any form) |
| He suggested that these parts should be tested under very severe condition. | Он предложил, чтобы эти детали были испытаны в очень жестком режиме. |
| It would necessitate restoration of the building | Это сделало бы необходимым реставрацию здания. |
| Our method could be generalized. | Наш метод можно было бы обобщить. |
| These activities might have complemented each other, but this was not the case. | Эти действия могли бы дополнить друг друга, но этого не произошло. |
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