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TEXT 1. HISTORY OF LAW
ВОРОБЬЁВА Т.А., ПЕРЕВАЛОВА А.Е., ЛОБАЧ Л.Н., ХОЛОДИНСКАЯ И.И.
STUDYING LEGAL ENGLISH
Part I
Учебное пособие (в двух частях)
МИНСК 2011
Рекомендовано к изданию
Научно-методическим советом МИТСО
протокол № 1 от 12.01.2011
Авторы-составители:
Воробьева Т.А., Перевалова А.Е., доценты кафедры иностранных языков МИТСО, Лобач Л.Н., Холодинская И.И., старшие преподаватели кафедры иностранных языков МИТСО
Рецензенты:
Котенко Е.В.,кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры белорусского и иностранных языков УО «Академия МВД Республики Беларусь»
Титовец Т.Е.,кандидат педагогических наук, доцент, заведующая сектором методологии и теории педагогического образования Центра развития педагогического образования БГПУ им. М. Танка
| Studying Legal English: учебное пособие (в двух частях). Часть 1 / авт.-сост.: Воробьева Т.А., Перевалова А.Е., Лобач Л.Н., Холодинская И.И. – Мн.: МИТСО, 2011. – 155 с. Первая часть пособия состоит из 8 разделов, содержащих профессионально ориентированные материалы по следующей тематике: «Право и юриспруденция», «Римское право», «Международное право, его источники, субъекты», «ООН», «Европейский союз и его право». Адресовано студентам юридической специальности дневной формы обучения МИТСО, а также специалистам, изучающим английский язык для применения в правовой сфере деятельности. | ||
| © Воробьева Т.А., Перевалова А.Е., Лобач Л.Н., Холодинская И.И., авт.-сост., 2011 © МИТСО, 2011 | ||
ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ.. 6
UNIT 1: LAW & JURISPRUDENCE.. 7
TEXT 1. HISTORY OF LAW... 7
TEXT 2. JURISPRUDENCE.. 9
TEXT 3. CIVIL LAW... 10
UNIT 2: ROMAN LAW... 12
TEXT 1. ANCIENT ROMAN LAW... 12
TEXT 2. ROMAN LAW... 14
TEXT 3. THE LAW OF JUSTINIAN.. 18
TEXT 4. ROMAN FAMILY.. 20
TEXT 5. ROMAN LAW: CORPORATIONS. 22
TEXT 6. ROMAN LAW: THE LAW OF PROPERTY AND POSSESSION.. 23
TEXT 7. ROMAN LAW: DELICT AND CONTRACT.. 25
TEXT 8. Roman LaW: The law of succession.. 27
UNIT 3: INTERNATIONAL LAW... 32
TEXT 1. INTERNATIONAL LAW: AN OVERVIEW... 32
TEXT 2. INTERNATIONAL LAW AND MUNICIPAL LAW... 35
TEXT 3. INTERNATIONAL LAW (INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC LAW & INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW) 37
TEXT 4. CONFLICT OF LAWS. 40
TEXT 5. THE STAGES IN A CONFLICT CASE.. 41
TEXT 6. CHOICE OF LAW RULES. 42
UNIT 4: THE SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW... 43
TEXT 1. THE SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW... 43
TEXT 2. THE SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW – THE PLACE OF TREATIES. 46
UNIT 5: THE SUBJECTS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW... 51
TEXT 1. SUBJECTS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW... 51
TEXT 2. THE HOLY SEE.. 52
TEXT 3. INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (IGOS). 54
UNIT 6: THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION.. 58
TEXT 1. THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANIATION (UNO): OVERVIEW... 58
TEXT 2. GENERAL ASSEMBLY.. 60
TEXT 3. SECURITY COUNCIL.. 62
TEXT 4. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL AND The un Secretariat.. 63
TEXT 5. TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL.. 66
TEXT 6. INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE: AN OVERVIEW... 67
TEXT 7. INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE: HOW THE COURT WORKS. 68
UNIT 7: EUROPEAN UNION.. 73
TEXT 1. EU INSTITUTIONS AND OTHER BODIES. 75
TEXT 2. The European Parliament.. 77
TEXT 3. The Council of the European Union.. 80
TEXT 4. THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION.. 86
TEXT 5. THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL - AN OFFICIAL INSTITUTION OF THE EU.. 90
TEXT 6. THE COURT OF JUSTICE.. 92
TEXT 7. The European Court of Auditors. 95
TEXT 8. THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK.. 96
TEXT 9. THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE.. 98
TEXT 10. THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS. 99
TEXT 11. The European Investment Bank.. 101
TEXT 12. THE EUROPEAN INVESTMENT FUND.. 103
TEXT 13. THE EUROPEAN OMBUDSMAN.. 103
TEXT 14. THE EUROPEAN DATA PROTECTION SUPERVISOR.. 104
TEXT 15. INTERINSTITUTIONAL BODIES. 106
TEXT 16. SPECIALISED EU AGENCIES. 106
TEXT 17. THE HISTORY OF EUROJUST.. 112
UNIT 8: EUROPIAN UNION LAW... 113
TEXT 1. LEGISLATION AND TREATIES. 113
TEXT 2. WHAT IS EU LAW?. 114
TEXT 3. TREATIES. 115
TEXT 4. JUSTICE, FREEDOM AND SECURITY.. 117
TEXT 5. DECISION-MAKING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION.. 121
TEXT 6. EUR-Lex: PROCESS AND PLAYERS. 123
APPLICATION 1. LINKING WORDS. 147
APPLICATION 2. THE PLAN FOR WRITING ABSTRACTS OF THE TEXT 151
BIBLIOGRAPHY.. 155
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
Совершенствование навыков реферирования представляет собой способ формирования профессиональной компетентности студентов-правоведов.
Реферирование – творческий процесс, включающий осмысление первичного, авторского текста, преобразование информации и создание вторичного, производного, собственного текста.
Организация самостоятельной работы студентов является обязательным компонентом учебного процесса в системе высшего образования Республики Беларусь. Под самостоятельной работой понимается как внеаудиторная работа, так и работа в аудитории под контролем преподавателя.
Данный вид работы направлен на решение следующих задач:
- закрепление, обобщение и повторение пройденного учебного материала;
- применение полученных знаний в стандартных ситуациях и при решении задач высокого уровня сложности и неопределенности;
- формирование готовности студентов к самообразованию в течение всей жизни.
Данное пособие представляет собой комплекс текстов по различным аспектам, касающимся права и юридической системы европейских стран в целом.
Пособие состоит из двух частей, содержание которых составляют современные профессионально ориентированные материалы. Каждая из частей содержит набор слов и выражений, необходимых для реферирования текста, а также примерный план анализа текста. В первую часть включены материалы по следующим темам: «Право и юриспруденция», «Римское право», «Международное право, его источники, субъекты», «Организация Объединённых Наций», «Европейский союз и его право».
Тематическое наполнение пособия обусловлено учебным планом по специальности «Международное право». Текстовый материал, подобранный из оригинальных источников (книг, Интернет-ресурсов), способствует повышению уровня владения студентами юридической лексикой и терминами, а также направлено на формирование профессиональной компетенции студентов.
Пособие способствует расширению и систематизации знаний у студентов, имеющих деловые связи в области права.
UNIT 1: LAW & JURISPRUDENCE
TEXT 1. HISTORY OF LAW
The history of law or legal history is the history of our race, and the personification of its experience. Law developed before history was even recorded and rules were recognized to reconcile discussions before written laws or courts ever existed. This dates back to the age of the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians. Different to idea, law was discovered and not invented. It was systematically discovered established on historical experiences and historical events of generations for years and centuries.
In Babylonia, the Mesopotamia region, ethnic customs were transformed into social laws thousands of years ago. Laws also existed in ancient Greece. Our information of ancient Greek laws comes from several Homeric writings. As well, the Roman law was the legal system not only in ancient Rome, but was applied all over Europe until the eighteenth century. A lot of European modern laws are still influenced by Roman law. English and North American common and civil laws also be obliged some debt to Roman ancient law.
Customary law dictated human actions, for a long time, by reflecting the conduct of people towards one another. Below customary law, rules spontaneously emerged and developed to establish an argument between people. These spontaneously born rules are voluntarily pursued by the parties implicated in the dispute and are more likely to be gratifying to the parties than a rule imposed on them by an authoritative body. The customary law was the procedure that guides to the discovery of natural law. Natural law is the irrefutable standard to which laws must be stable in order to be legitimate. In other words, we can say that natural law is the body of rules of right conduct and justice common to all people. By comparison, common law is a system by which a law comes to pass based on some legal antecedent.
Historically, Anglo-Saxon customary law implicated a group of people known as Bohr. The group compromised a guarantee for each of its members. Each individual would protect his/her property claims by accepting the responsibility to respect the property rights of others. The group would then pay the penalties for any member found to be in infringement of the agreement. Since finances were at stake, the group had an inducing reason to police its members and often invalidate the membership of those found in infringement of the rules. Moreover, it was also common to socially exile those who violate the rules. If the outcast member pays compensation, then they may be permitted to become members of the group again. These rules that evolved spontaneously established disputes between people in a civilized method thus eliminating violent measures. In some cases, the process implicated appeals and mutual disputes. This process and these two way arguments are analogous to financial organizations (in our time) such as insurance companies.
Early Anglo-Saxon courts were assemblies made up of common people and neighbours. These early courts passed their sentence according to customary law. This guaranteed non violent means for solving conflicts.
In the Middle Ages, there was a commercial and trade law that governed the trade and commercial transactions during Europe. This law emerged appropriate to require for certain standards to normalize international trade. Europe wide court systems and legal orders were formed and those who did not abide by the rules, regulations and decisions of this system were excluded from the social as well as business community. That is, the suffered the effect of not being able to conduct business transactions in the future.
Basically, customary law seeks to protect individual rights and during non violent resources. The economic fines imposed on the culpable party are destined to compensate the victim in the dispute. The culpable party is obliged to make payment in order to elude social and commercial exclusion. At the same time, the method permits space for every individual including the supposed guilty party to speak, dispute and express their difference.
Among certain lawyers and historians of legal method it has been seen as the registering of the progress of laws and the technical clarification of how these laws have developed with the view of better considerate the origins of diverse legal concepts, some consider it an area of intellectual history. Twentieth century historians have examined legal history in a more contextualized mode more in line with the thoughts of social historians. They have looked at legal institutions as complicated systems of rules, players and symbols and have seen these elements interrelate with society to change, adjust, oppose or promote certain characteristics of civil society. Such legal historians have tended to evaluate case histories from the parameters of social science investigation, using statistical methods, analyzing class differences among litigants, petitioners and other players in diverse legal processes. By analyzing case results, operation costs, number of settled cases they have begun an examination of legal institutions, practices, actions and briefs that give us a more composite picture of law and society than the study of jurisprudence, case law and civil codes can accomplish.