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Unit 12 Customs Tariffs and International Trade
12.1 Pre-text Assignments
12.1.1 Practice the reading of the following words and guess their meaning:
tariff barter record exchange preferentially procedure area general duty result transit licence quota domestic
12.1.2 Give the initial forms of the following words and state what parts of speech they belong to:
permissible equipment completely valuation account protection arrangement comparative differentiate restrictive
12.1.3 Read the following words and their translation. Try to memorize the vocabulary:
trace back проследить
interfere with вмешиваться
costly дорогой
permissible допустимый
restrain сдерживать; обуздывать;
удерживать
consequence следствие
impel побуждать, принуждать, подталкивать
mercantilist расчетливый
dictum афоризм, изречение, максима, сентенция
discourage не одобрять; мешать осуществлению, препятствовать, отговаривать
encourage ободрять; поощрять, поддерживать
revenue tariff фискальный тариф,
yield фискальные пошлины приносить урожай, давать плоды; давать такой-то результат, приводить
en route к чему-л.
quantitative по пути, по дороге; в пути
commodity количественный
windfall товар неожиданная удача,
ad valorem tariffs неожиданный доход тарифы, взимаемые соответственно стоимости
trade prefrences предпочтения ( особые торговые преимущества, предоставляемые торговым
партнерам из дружественных стран в целях развития экспорта )
12.2 Read the text about major types and forms of customs tariffs
Text A
Tariffs
International trade includes all economic transactions that are made between countries. Accounts of barter of goods or of services among different people can be traced back almost as far as the record of human history. International trade, however, is specifically an exchange between members of different nations. Accounts and explanations of such trade begins only with the
rise of the modern nation-state at the close of the European Middle Ages.
All nations interfere with international transactions to at least some degree. Tariffs may be imposed on imports — in some instances making them so costly as to bar completely the entry of the goods involved. Quotas may limit the permissible volume of imports. State subsidies may be offered to encourage exports. Money-capital exports may be restricted or prohibited. Investments by
foreigners in domestic plants and equipment may be similarly restrained. These interferences may be simply the result of special-interest pleading, because particular groups suffer as a consequence of import competition. Or a government may impose restrictions because it feels impelled to take account of factors that comparative advantage sets aside.
The general pattern of interference follows the old mercantilist dictum of discouraging imports and encouraging exports. Such interference or trade barriers may include state trading organizations
and government procurement practice that may be used preferentially. Customs classification and valuation procedures, health regulations and marking requirements may also have a restrictive effect on trade. Excise taxes may act as a barrier to trade if they are levied at higher rates on imports than on domestic goods.
Different government regulations and practices also act as barriers to trade. For example, a tariff, or duty, which is a tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of the Customs area. The boundary may be that of a nation or group of nations that have agreed to impose a common tax on goods entering their territory. Protective tariffs are designed to shield domestic production from foreign competition by raising the price of the imported commodity. Revenue tariffs are designed to obtain revenue rather than to restrict imports. Still, protective tariffs, unless they are so high as to keep out imports, yield revenue, and revenue tariffs give some protection to any domestic producer of the duty-bearing goods. A transit duty, or transit tax, is a tax levied on commodities passing through a Customs area en route to another country.
Similarly, an export duty, or export tax, is a tax imposed on commodities leaving a Customs area.
Other practices may also act as barriers to trade. Quotas of quantitative restrictions may prohibit the importation of certain commodities or limit the amounts imported. Such quotas are usually administered by requiring importers to have licences to bring in particular commodities. Quotas raise prices just as tariffs do, but, being set in physical terms, their impact on imports is direct, with an absolute ceiling set on supply. Increased prices will not bring more goods in. There is also a difference between tariffs and quotas in their effect on revenues. With tariffs, the government receives the revenue; under quotas, the import licence holders obtain a windfall in the form of the difference between the high domestic price and the low international price of the import.
Tariffs on imports may be applied in several ways. If they are imposed according to the physical quantity of an import, they are called specific tariffs. If they are levied according to the value of the import, they are known as ad valorem tariffs.
Tariffs may differentiate among the countries from which the imports are obtained. They may, for instance, be lower between countries that have previously entered into special arrangements, such as the trade preferences accorded to each other by members of the Commonwealth.
12.2.1 Answer the following questions:
1) What is a tariff or duty?
2) What are protective tariffs designed to do?
3) What are revenue tariffs aimed at?
4) On what is a transit tariff or transit duty levied?
5) On what is an export duty or export tax imposed?
6) What are quotas usually introduced for?
7) In what way do quotas differ from tariffs?
8) What are the two ways in which tariffs or imports may be applied?
9) What trade preferences do members of the Commonwealth have?
10) How can tariffs encourage domestic production?
11) Why are tariffs favoured by industries?
12) What tendencies may tariffs encourage as far as a market structure is concerned?
13) What can force the price of the import down?
14) What are the negative results of imposing higher duty rates?
15) Why is the amount of revenue obtainable through tariffs always limited?
12.2.2 Look through text A again and underline the words essential for
its general understanding.
12.3 Read the following words and their translation
to prevent smuggling предотвращать (пресекать) провоз контрабанды
preferential trade agreements - преференциальные торговые соглашения
public health and safety -законодательство по вопросам здравоохранения и общественной безопасности
legislation counterfeiting and piracy законодательство по вопросам фальсификаций и нарушений авторских прав
external trade statistics статистика внешней торговли
procedure manual справочник таможенных процедур
circumvention of Customs нарушение таможенных правил путем
law обмана
fraud обман, мошенничество
evasion of duties уклонение от налогов
trade transaction торговая сделка
to facilitate international содействовать развитию
trade международной торговли
revenue collection сбор доходов
12.3.1 Scan the text B and make a statement of 5-8 sentences summarizing
the contents of the text:
Text B
The Problems Facing the Customs Administrations of Today
We live in a rapidly changing world. Things which we regard as commonplace today, world-wide telecommunications via satellite, space travel, the micro-processor, were scarcely conceivable just a few decades ago.
In recent times the world has also changed from the Customs' perspective. The traditional Customs responsibilities of collecting duties and taxes and preventing smuggling still remain with us but Customs cannot afford to ignore the changing world conditions which have a major impact on their work.
Some Customs authorities are responsible for such diverse tasks as immigration control and the enforcement of commercial policy through the implementation of preferential trade agreements, the operation of quotas and the application of restrictions, the application of public health and safety legislation, quarantine controls, currency controls, counterfeiting and piracy legislation and the collection of external trade statistics. These are just a few of the non-traditional areas in which Customs are now becoming increasingly involved. Trade demands for additional services such as deferred payment of duty have also had their effect on Customs.
The application of all these added responsibilities has led inevitably to an increase in the complexity of Customs regulations. Tariff books and procedure manuals are becoming significantly more detailed. Officials, who in the past applied a fairly simplified tariff schedule specifying Customs duties on a limited range of goods, are now faced with the increased complexities of tariffs based on
the Harmonized System. It is becoming increasingly difficult in some countries for Customs officers to be aware of all existing regulations affecting importations. This has led to a lack of uniformity in the application of the law. It provides increased opportunities for the circumvention of Customs law and produces an ideal environment for the spread of practices such as irregular payments. Customs can expect an increased workload from increasing international trade and
traffic. The problems of smuggling, therefore that the manner in which Customs Services conduct their business has a substantial impact on trade efficiency.
Governments throughout the world recognize the value of Customs Services in their national economies and realize that the service being provided by Customs is one they cannot easily dispense with. However, they are also beginning to see the dangers of inefficient Customs Services. As a result, Customs Services around the world are re-examining the way they operate and
deal with their customers. The challenge is to facilitate the international trade process at a minimum cost to economy, and without compromising the collection of revenue or the protection of the community from illegal cross-border movements of goods.
12.3.2 Look through the text again and write out all word combinations with
the word "Customs" used attributively and translate them into Russian:
1 Customs administrations 6 _____________
2 _____________ 7 _____________
3 _____________ 8 _____________
4 _____________ 9 _____________
5 _____________ 10 ____________
12.3.4 Match the words from the text with their corresponding definitions on the right (a - h).
VERBS
1 enforce a) keep from happening, hinder
2 facilitate b) to put off to a future time, postpone
3 prevent c) give force to, make effective
4 afford d) grow, become greater in size, amount, etc.
5 defer e) do without
6 increase f) help, assist; make easy
7 dispense with g) make an imitation, copy in order to deceive
8 counterfeit h) give, supply
NOUNS
1 manual a) getting round a law, rule
2 fraud b) giving force to
3 revenue c) a handy book for use as a guide, reference, etc.
4 regulations d) amount of work
5 circumvention e) criminal deception, cheating
6 enforcement f) strong influence
7 workload g) rule, order, law
8 impact h) income
12.4 Speaking. Present your views on the following
1 What government practices can act as barriers to trade?
2 In what way may tariffs affect the economy of the country? What is the situation in Russia?
3 ”Protection and patriotism are reciprocal”. (J. Calhoun)
4 ”Dispatch is the sole of business.” (P. D. Stanhope)
13 English-Russian Glossary
Антиквариат/Antiques
ancient cтаринный object of art предмет
century век искусства
picture картина manuscript манускрипт
painting живопись papyrus папирус
drawing рисунок memoirs мемуары
icon икона vase ваза
sculpture скульптура medal медаль
statuette статуэтка receipt/bill чек
exit permit issued разрешение на
a copy of the receipt копия чека вывоз, выданное…
Luggage/Багаж
accompanied сопровождаемый to put(check) the поверить багаж
unaccompanied несопровождаемый luggage
personal личный
through the X-ray на рентген- аппарате
checked зарегистрирован
suitcase чемодан
case “дипломат”
unchecked незарегистрированный
traveling bag дорожная сумка
beauty bag косметичка
piece of luggage место багажа
purse кошелек
luggage receipt багажная квитанция hand-luggage/ ручная кладь
personal luggage/ small luggage
case ящик
luggage counter багажная стойка
sack мешок
luggage label багажная наклейка
barrel бочка
excess luggage излишек багажа
can консервная банка
left luggage бюро находок
bottle бутылка
balc тюк
to weigh the luggage взвешивать багаж
parsel сверток
brief-case портфель
to pay for one’s оплатить багаж
gift подарок
package пакет
to carry one’s luggage нести багаж
documents folder пакет документов
envelop конверт
to receive one’s luggage получить багаж
parsel post бандероль
to pack the luggage упаковать багаж
to pay for excess luggage оплатить лишний
to unpack распаковать
to show(present) предъявить багаж
Currency / Валюта
currency валюта to cash a check получать деньги
hard currency свободно конвертируемая
to pay a check оплачивать чек
to keep money with a bank хранить деньги в банке
soft currency неконвертируемая валюта
letter of credit аккредитив
domestic currency местная валюта
share акция
foreign currency иностранная валюта
bank note ассигнация
soft money/bills бумажные деньги
currency exchange обмен валюты
credit card кредитная
rate of exchange обменный курс
bank record about отметка банка об обмене валюты
cash наличные деньги
amount сумма
bank certificate справка банка на traveller’s cheque дорожный чек
for taking currency вывоз валюты personal cheque личный чек
to seize currency by Customs authority - задержать валюту валюты таможенными властями
confiscation of конфискация
to register currency регистрировать валюту
to leave currency сдать валюту
exchange permit with the Customs разрешение на на хранение
to transfer foreign currency перевести валюту
Сargo/Груз
cargo груз
Certificate of Origin сертификат
deck cargo палубный груз происхождения
commercial goods коммерческий Quality Certificate сертификат
груз качества
noncommercial некоммерческий quality inspector инспектор по
goods груз качеству
shipper/consignor грузоотправитель warehouse склад
consignee грузополучатель waybill накладная
packing упаковка seal пломба
stevedore стивидор, порто- to break seals нарушить пломбу
вый грузчик to place seals наложить пломбу
cargo list список грузов perishable goods скоропортящийся
delivery доставка груза товар
shipping documents отгрузочные package тара
документы packing list(sheet) упаковочный лист
Declaration/Декларация
declaration декларация in block letters печатными
entry declaration въездная буквами
декларация in figures цифрами
exit declaration выездная crosses and dashes исправления и
cargo declaration декларация на прочерки
груз full name полное имя
to declare декларировать surname фамилия
to show a предъявить christian/first name имя
declaration декларацию initial инициалы
to fill in a заполнить country of residence страна
declaration декларацию проживания
to sign a declaration подписать country of страна прибытия
декларацию destination
to keep a declaration сохранить purpose of a visit цель прибытия
декларацию business trip деловая поездка
in full words словами on invitation по приглашению
(без пропусков)
Precious Metals, Stones, Jewellery/ Драгоценные металлы, камни и
ювелирные изделия
precious metals драгоценные ruby рубин
металлы amber янтарь
precious stones драгоценные камни pearl жемчуг
jewellery ювелирные изделия earing серьга
semi-precious полудрагоценный brooch брошь
gold золото, золотой chain цепочка
gold-plated позолоченный pendant кулон
silver серебро cuff-links запонки
silver-plated посеребренный watch часы
platinum платина bracelet браслет
crude необработанный gemstone bracelet браслет из
processed обработанный драгоценных
polished ограненный камней
real натуральный hair pin заколка для
artificial искусственный волос
false поддельный ring кольцо
filigree филигранный engraving ring кольцо с
scrap лом wedding монограммой
carat карат ring обручальное
diamond бриллиант coral necklace коралловое
emerald изумруд ожерелье
saрphire сапфир signet ring перстень
cigarette case портсигар
Beverages/Напитки
water вода lemonade лимонад
mineral water минеральная вода milk молоко
soda содовая juice сок
cocoa какао tonic тоник
coffee кофе tea чай
Alcohol / Алкогольные напитки
brandy бренди cognac коньяк
vermouth вермут liqueur ликер
wine вино beer пиво
sparkling wine игристое вино port портвейн
whisky виски rum ром
vodka водка cherry херес
jin джин champagne шампанское
Weapons, Drugs/ Оружие, наркотики
weapons/arms оружие bullet патрон, пуля
fire-arms огнестрельное calibre калибр
оружие knife нож
cold steel холодное explosive взрывчатка
оружие drugs наркотики
personal weapon личное оружие drug addict наркоман
keeping weapon хранение оружия syringe шприц
ammunition боеприпасы heroin героин
rifle ружье opium опиум
hunting rifle охотничье ружье marijuana марихуана
revolver револьвер cannabis/ гашиш
pistol пистолет hashish
gas pistol газовый пистолет LSD ЛСД
toy pistol игрушечный morphine морфий
пистолет
Sanitary Control/ Санитарный контроль
sanitary control санитарный international международное
контроль certificate of свидетельство о
veterinary control ветеринарный vaccination вакцинации
контроль rabies бешенство
veterinary certificate ветеринарный cholera холера
сертификат small pox оспа
to inoculate/ сделать plant quarantine карантин
to vaccinate прививку растений
Seal/Штамп
illegible stamp неразборчивый to certify a заверить подпись
штамп signature with a штампом
to sign a подписать stamp
document документ mission представительство
stamped document документ со embassy посольство
штампом to place a stamp ставить штамп
identity document удостоверение consulate консульство
Сustoms Examination/Таможенный контроль
Customs /Customs таможня customs tariff таможенный
house тариф
customs regulations таможенные customs tax таможенный
customs правила налог
examination/ таможенный customs clearance таможенная
check контроль/ очистка
customs officer/ досмотр customs facilities таможенные
inspector таможенный льготы
senior officer инспектор chief of the начальник
старший customs таможни
baggage inspection инспектор customs warehouse таможенный
таможенный склад
to go through the досмотр багажа to be stored at the храниться
Customs проходить customs office в таможне
таможенный in accordance with в соответствии с
сustoms declaration досмотр the customs law таможенным
form таможенная законодательством
customs duties декларация customs offence нарушение
таможенные таможенного
duty-free пошлины законодательства
беспошлинный border point пограничный
smuggled goods контрабандные пункт
товары check point контрольный
пункт
Passport Control/ Паспортный контроль
Visa виза tourist visa туристическая
to issue a выдавать визу, виза
visa / a passport паспорт import visa виза на ввоз
temporary visa временная виза товара
entry visa въездная виза export visa виза на вывоз
exit visa выездная виза товара
single visa однократная виза to submit an обратиться за
multiple visa многократная виза application for получением визы
transit visa транзитная виза a visa
foreign passport заграничный to expire истекать
паспорт (о сроке визы)
regular passport обычный паспорт to prolong a visa продлить визу
service passport служебный to confirm a visa подтвердить визу
паспорт to refuse a visa отказать в выдаче
passport control проверка визы
паспортов to retain a passport задержать паспорт
to show the passport предъявить to revoke a passport прекратить срок
паспорт действия
to get the passport приготовить паспорта
ready паспорт to renew a passport возобновить
passport number… паспорт номер…, паспорт
issued… выданный…