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Tenses in Active Voice
| Tense | Form in Active Voice | Signal Words | Usage |
| Present Simple | V1, Vs -,? do(does) | always, often, usually, every…, sometimes, regularly, as a rule, seldom, never | 1. permanent situations or states; 2. repeated/habitual actions; |
| Present Continuous | am/is/are +Ving | now, at the moment, at present Look! Listen! | 1. temporary situations; 2. actions happening at or around the moment of speaking; |
| Present Perfect | have/has+V3 | ever, never, just, already, yet, recently, lately, since, for, today, this + noun, so far | 1. recently completed actions; 2. actions which happened at an unstated past time and are connected with the present; |
| Present Perfect Continuous | have/has +been+Ving | How long, for, since | 1. actions started in the past and continuing up to the present; 2. past actions of certain duration having visible results or effects in the present; |
| Past Simple | V2(ed) -/? did | Yesterday, the day before yesterday, last + noun, 2 days ago, in 1999, just now, then , when | 1. action which happened at a definite past time. This action is not connected with the present |
| Past Continuous | was/were + Ving | At this time yesterday, all day long / from 5 till 6 / the whole evening yesterday, when, while | 1. past action in progress interrupted by another action. The longer action is in the Past Continuous, the shorter action is in the Past Simple; |
| Past Perfect | had + V3 | for, since, already, after, just, never, yet, before, by, by the time,… | 1. past action which occurred before another action or before a stated past time; |
| Past Perfect Continuous | had + been +Ving | for, since | 1. action continuing over a period up to a specific time in the past; |
| Future Simple | shall/will + V1 | tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, tonight, next + noun, soon, in a week | 1. decisions taken at the moment of speaking (on-the-spot decisions); 2. hopes, fears, threats, offers, promises, warnings, predictions, requests, comments… with: expect, hope, I’m sure, I’m afraid, probably |
| Future Continuous | shall/will + be + Ving | at this time tomorrow | 1. actions in progress at a stated future time; |
| Future Perfect | shall/will + have + V3 | by the time tomorrow, until | 1. actions which will be finished before a stated future time |
| Future Perfect Continuous | shall/will + have + been + Ving | by…for | 1. duration of an action up to a certain time in the future |
4. Put the verb into the correct form.
a) Usually we _______________ (to have) classes on the campus, but today we ________________ (to go) to the training airfield.
b) I ________________ (not to come) to the lecture yesterday. I ________________ (not to feel) very well. I hope my friends ________________ (to give) me the notes later.
c) Specialists from our Research Institute _______________(just to finish) the experiment. They ________________ (to work) on it for a month.
d) My telephone _______________ (to ring) while I ______________ (to play) basketball in the sports center. It _______________ (to be) my friend Julie who told me I _______________ (to get) an excellent mark for my presentation.
e) I want to go to this concert tomorrow. I think that I _______________ (to finish) writing my course paper.
f) SSAU _______________ (to cooperate) with Oxford Polytechnic for 10 years by the end of this semester.
g) I _______________ (not to read) the book on history of aviation yet, so I _______________ (do) it all day tomorrow.
h) – What is that noise? What _______________ (to happen)?
- I ________________ (not to know). Maybe the machine _______________ (to break down).
j) Do you know who _______________ (to invent) this kind of engine?
k) I _______________ (to buy) this book last week, but I _______________ (to read) it yet.
l) Annie asked me how to use this machine, She _______________ (never to use) it before, so she _______________ (to know) what to do.
5. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English paying special attention to the verb form,
a) Только квалифицированные специалисты работают в научно-исследовательских институтах нашей страны.
b) Мой брат уже получил степень магистра в университете Канады. Я надеюсь, что через 2 года он будет кандидатом наук.
c) Иностранные партнеры нашего университета включают Технический Университет в Мюнхене, Университет Брэдли в США, и другие. В настоящее время СГАУ развивает сотрудничество с некоторыми ВУЗами Китая.
d) Три года назад в студ.городке руководство университета построило общежитие с превосходными условиями для молодых ученых.
e) Авиапарк университета – это прекрасная база для научных исследований и разработок.
f) Многие выпускники СГАУ в настоящее время работают в конструкторских бюро в России и за рубежом.
6. a) Read the following document about the establishment of Kuibyshev Institute of Aviation.
b) Compare the Institute of 1942 with the University of 2010.
| In 1942 the name was Kuybyshev Institute of Aviation | Now the name is Samara State Aerospace University |
1. Work in groups. Make a presentation of SSAU in the year of 2050. You may speak about the following:
Ø 
the name
Ø faculties, specialization
Ø number of teachers, students
Ø classrooms, laboratories
Ø facilities
Ø extra-curricular activities (students theatre, etc…)
Ø location
Ø whatever idea you have
1. Write a paragraph (100-150 words) saying why you have chosen SSAU. Follow the structure:
a) Write a topic sentence.
I have chosen Samara State Aerospace University for several reasons.
b) Give three reasons. Make use of the linking devices for listing:
Firstly,
Besides,
Furthermore,
Then,
The second reason is…
Finally,
c) To each reason give a suitable example. Make use of the linking devices for examplification:
For example,
For instance,
To prove,
d) Finish up your paragraph with a conclusion. Make use of the linking devices for conclusion.
To sum it up,
In conclusion,
To crown it up,
1. Space Quiz. How much do you know about space exploration? Choose the correct variant.
1. Who was the first man to go to the outer space?
| A. S.P. Korolev | C. Yury Gagarin |
| B. Neil Armstrong | D. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky |
2. Which country was the first to land on the Moon?
| A. France | C. Russia |
| B. The USA | D. Australia |
3. Who was S.P. Korolyov?
| A. a cosmonaut | C. a designer |
| B. a director of SSAU | D. a pilot |
4.When was the first artificial Earth satellite launched?
| A. In 1920s | C. In 1980s |
| B. In 1950s | D. In 2000 |
5. Who was the first woman cosmonaut?
| A. Valentina Tereshkova | C. Svetlana Savitskaya |
| B. Ivins Marsha Sue | D. Yamazaki Naoko |
6. Which of these animals were never is space?
| A. Dogs | C. Rabbits |
| B. Monkeys | D. Turtles |
7. Which of these places doesn’t hold an airshow?
| A. Baikonur | C. Zhukovsky |
| B. Le Bourget | D. Farnborough |
1. Practise reading the following words.
| launch | lɔ:ntʃ |
| vehicle | ‘vıƏkl |
| enthusiast | ın’Ɵju:zıæst |
| jet propulsion | ʤet prƏ’pΛlʃn |
| weapon | ‘wepƏn |
| cruise | kru:z |
| missile | mı’saıl |
| artificial | .a:tı’fıʃl |
| satellite | ‘sætƏlaıt |
| authorities | Ə’Ɵɔ:rıtız |
2. Match the terms with their Russian equivalents. Make use of a dictionary if necessary.
 1. space exploration
| a) крылатая ракета |
| 2. rocket weapon | b) планер |
| 3. glider | c) ракета-носитель |
| 4. jet propulsion | d) освоение космоса |
| 5. cruise missile | e) совершающий космические полеты |
| 6. manned spacecraft | f) искусственный спутник |
| 7. space booster | g) ракетное оружие |
| 8. space-faring | h) межпланетная зондирующая ракета |
| 9. artificial satellite | i) реактивное движение |
| 10. interplanetary probe | j) пилотируемый космический аппарат |
3. a) You are going to read the text about S.P. Korolev. Brainstorm what information it will contain.
I think the text can be about his family… _____________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
b) Read the text to see if your guesses are correct.
Sergei Pavlovich Korolev (1907-1966) is the founder of the Soviet space program. Korolev, like many of his colleagues, went through Stalin's prisons and later participated in the search for rocket technology in occupied Germany. His energy, intelligence, belief in the prospects of space flight, managerial abilities and skills in decision-making made him the head of the first Soviet rocket development center. He deserves the most credits for turning rocket weapons into an instrument of space exploration and making the Soviet Union the world's first space-faring nation.
Sergei Korolev was born on January 12, 1907, in the city of Zhitomir in present day Ukraine, in the family of a Russian language teacher.
In 1922 Sergei Korolev passed qualifying exams at the Odessa professional construction school. At the time, Sergei was already interested in aviation. In 1924, Korolev was transfered to the Kiev Polytechnic Institute, where he joined a group of glider enthusiasts. Two years later Korolev moved to Moscow's Bauman High Technical School, the best engineering college in Russia.
Korolev graduated from the university in 1929 and in 1931 he joined the Central Aero and Hydrodynamics Institute. In July 1932, Korolev was appointed chief of Jet Propulsion Research Group. In 1933, the group was reorganized into the Jet Propulsion Research Institute, where Korolev worked as Deputy Chief of the institute. The development of cruise missiles and of a manned rocket-powered glider was led by Korolev.
At the peak of his career, Korolev led the development of the world's first ballistic missile, which are known today as R-7. They became a base for a long-lasting family of space boosters, carrying Russian cosmonauts into orbit for decades in the future.
In the following years, several generations of ballistic missiles, artificial science, military and communications satellites, interplanetary probes and manned space vehicles were being developed. The Soyuz spacecraft which turned 40 years in operation in 2006, was created and launched under his guidance. Korolev died at the height of his career on January 14, 1966.
Due to secret nature of the Soviet space industry, Korolev's contribution to the space program was publically recognized by the Soviet authorities only after his death.
4. Say whether these sentences are true or false.
a) Korolev headed the first German rocket development centre.
b) Korolev joined a group of glider enthusiasts in 1922.
c) Korolev graduated from SSAU in 1924.
d) Cruise missiles and manned rocket-powered gliders were developed under Korolev’s guidance.
e) Today’s space boosters are based on R-7.
f) Korolev died when he was 80 years old.
g) People didn’t know about Korolev’s contribution to the Soviet space science when he was alive.
5. Match the words with their definitions. State their part of speech.
 1) Deputy Chief (n)
| a) a group of people with official power |
| 2) to recognize | b) man-made |
| 3) authorities | c) the second leader of the company |
| 4) to appoint | d) help and advice |
| 5) artificial | e) to know |
| 6) guidance | f) continuing for a long period of time |
| 7) long-lasting | g) to choose someone for a job |
6. a) Match the following words to make noun-noun collocations.
| 1) rocket | a) enthusiast |
| 2) space | b) missile |
| 3) glider | c) weapon |
| 4) engineering | d) exploration |
| 5) cruise | e) college |
b) Give the Russian equivalents of the phrases above.
NB! When you see the noun-noun collocations, you should know that the main noun is the last one, and all the rest are its attributes.
* jet propulsion research group
group – группа
research group – группа для исследования
jet propulsion research group – группа для исследования реактивного движения
7. a)Read the text and substitute the underlined words and phrases with their synonyms from the box below.
 |
Valentina Tereshkova is the first woman to fly in space in 1963.
She didn’t (1)finish a university, because she had to help her mother support the family. She was a textile worker when she was selected (2)to take part in the Soviet Union cosmonaut program in 1962. She was the first cosmonaut who was not a pilot. She was (3)chosen mainly (4)because of her experience with parachute jumping. She had made more than a hundred jumps.
After 18 months of training, Tereshkova's Vostok 6 spacecraft was launched. On June 16, 1963 she went into orbit and in about 80 hours (more than three days) completed 48 orbits before returning to Earth. She parachuted from her (5)spacecraft as it fell to Earth. That is how the Vostok spacecraft (6)worked.
Her colleagues said that she (7)earned respect because of her enthusiasm and ambition, besides, she had great (8)organizational skills.
Tereshkova never flew in space again. She served in the Soviet parliament for a while.
(edited from http://www.astronautix.com)
b)Translate the text into Russian.
| You should remember the following words and phrases! | |
| to participate | принимать участие |
| managerial abilities | организаторские способности |
| decision-making | принятие решений |
| to deserve the credits | заслужить уважение |
| a weapon | оружие |
| space exploration | освоение космоса |
| to appoint | назначать |
| jet propulsion | реактивное движение |
| Deputy Chief | заместитель директора |
| cruise missile | крылатая ракета |
| manned vehicle | пилотируемое транспортное средство |
| to launch | запускать |
| space booster | ракета-носитель |
| artificial Earth satellites | искусственный спутник Земли |
| an interplanetary probe | межпланетная зондирующая ракета |
| authorities | власти |
| guidance | руководство |
| to operate | работать, управлять |
| to make contribution | сделать вклад |
| publically recognized | признанный |
Active voice – The subject performs the action
· The group of engineerslaunchedthe spacecraft.
Passive Voice – The subject receives the action
· The spacecraftwas launchedby the group of engineers.
Passive Voice is used when it is more important to stress the thing done rather than the doer, or when the doer is unknown. If the doer of the action or the instrument is mentioned, it is preceded by BY or WITH respectively.
| Tense | Form in Active Voice | Form in Passive Voice |
| Present Simple | V1, Vs /-,? do(does) | am/is/are +V3 |
| Present Continuous | am/is/are +Ving | am/is/are +being+V3 |
| Present Perfect | have/has+V3 | have/has+been+V3 |
| Present Perfect Cont. | have/has +been+Ving | - |
| Past Simple | V2(ed) /-/? did | was/were + V3 |
| Past Continuous | was/were + Ving | was/were + being + V3 |
| Past Perfect | had + V3 | had + been + V3 |
| Past Perfect Cont. | had + been +Ving | - |
| Future Simple | shall/will + V1 | shall/will + been + V3 |
| Future Continuous | shall/will + be + Ving | - |
| Future Perfect | shall/will + have + V3 | shall/will + have + been + V3 |
| Future Perfect Cont. | shall/will + have + been + Ving | - |
1. In the text (p. 3), underline all the predicates. Define the Voice.
2. Transform the Active Voice into Passive and vice versa.
a) Authorities have appointed Mr. Simon Deputy Chief of the space exploration program.
b) SSAU is publically recognized as the leading technical university in Russia.
c) I’m sure that our new manager will make a great contribution to the success of our organization.
d) The first artificial earth satellite was launched in 1957.
e) The team of engineers is testing the weapon at the moment.
f) The surface of the Moon has been explored by the interplanetary probes.
g) A new project will be presented by this research group.
h) In 1926 Korolev transferred his documents to the engineering college in Moscow.
i) Rocket weapons are being controlled by the leaders of the European Union.
j) Every year enthusiasts organize a research club in the laboratory.
3. Read the following text and out the verbs in brackets into the correct form of Active or passive Voice
“One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind”
In July 20, 1969 Neil Armstrong (1)__________ (to say) "one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind". This was the day that men from the Earth first (2)__________ (to land) on the Moon. It was the culmination of years of research and development.
Neil Armstrong was born August 5, 1930 on a farm in Wapakoneta, Ohio. Neil (3)__________ (to work) at the local airport. After starting flying lessons at the age of 15, he (4)__________ (to give) a pilots license on his 16th birthday, before he had earned a driver's license.
Armstrong (5)__________ (to send) to Naval Air Station in Florida in 1949 before he (6)__________ (to graduate) from the university. He then (7) __________ (to flow) 78 combat mission in Korea, earning three medals, including the Korean Service Medal. Armstrong, being an engineer by training, (8)__________ (to criticize) by some of the non-engineering pilots, that his flying technique was too mechanical.
Then in September of 1963 he (9)__________ (to select) as the first American civilian to fly in space. Later Armstrong (10)__________ (to appoint) Command Pilot of the Apollo 11, which (11)__________ (to touch) down on the surface of the Moon on July 20, 1969. The American flag (12)__________ (to plant) on the surface by Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin.
The astronauts (13)__________ (to return) to the Earth on July 24, 1969. Armstrong and Aldrin (14)__________ (to award) the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
(edited from http://space.about.com)
4. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English.
a) Ежегодно сотни исследовательских групп создаются властями для освоения космоса.
b) Первый пилотируемый космический аппарат был запущен 12 апреля 1961 года.
c) Этот молодой конструктор будет назначен заместителем руководителя группы по исследованию реактивного движения.
d) Проект по созданию нового ракетного оружия будет завершен к концу этого года.
e) Огромный вклад в развитие ракетно-космических технологий был сделан советскими космонавтами Юрием Гагариным и Владимиром Комаровым.
f) Русские были признаны первой нацией в мире, совершающей космические полеты.
g) Благодаря энтузиазму и организаторским способностям С.П. Королева крылатые ракеты, пилотируемые космические аппараты, ракеты-носители, искусственные спутники земли и межпланетные зондирующие ракеты были сконструированы и произведены в Советском Союзе.
h) Термин «пилотируемый» значит, что транспортное средство управляется человеком.
1. a) Work in groups of 2-3 people. Make a report on the biography of a famous cosmonaut or a designer and the contribution they made into the development of space exploration. You may choose to speak about:
Ø 
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
Ø Kathryn Thornton
Ø Buzz Aldrin
Ø 
Vladimir Komarov
Ø Yury Gagarin
Ø Valentin Glushko
Ø Any other scientist you consider important
b) Choose one speaker from the group and make a two-minute presentation in the name of this person.
c) Prepare at least two questions to the other speakers.
By making notes you actively process and interpret ideas and information. This aids concentration and understanding so you learn more. Notes help identify main points and organize your ideas into a logical order.
1. Key words and phrases provide instructions about what to do; trigger your memory; lead on to other ideas / explanations. They must be easy to find within your notes. Highlight such words in the following text.
In June l967, Robert Henry Lawrence, Jr. was named the first African-American astronaut, though he never made it into space. Several months later, on December 8, Lawrence died when his F-104 Starfighter jet, in which he was a co-pilot/passenger during a training flight, crashed at Edwards Air Force Base, California.
Robert Henry Lawrence, Jr. was born October 2, 1935, in Chicago. He received an undergraduate degree in chemistry from Bradley University in 1956, and was commissioned a Second Lieutenant into the US Air Force upon graduation at age 20. Lawrence later earned a Ph.D. in physical chemistry in 1965 from Ohio State University.
Robert Henry Lawrence, Jr. distinguished himself as an exceptional Air Force test pilot and was among the first to be named to the USAF Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) program, which was a precursor to today's successful NASA space shuttle program.
In 1997, thirty years after his tragic death, the Chicago native son's name was the 17th added to The Astronauts Memorial Foundation Space Mirror. The mirror was dedicated in 1991 to honor all US astronauts who have lost their lives on space missions or in training for missions.
(taken from http://space.about.com)
2. Always write a heading or title to your notes. Give titles to the 4 paragraphs above.
3. Write notes in a logical order to show how ideas are related. The notes may be of two types: linear and patterned. Choose the one to your liking and complete it.
LinearPatterned
I. Brief Information
a) First Afro-American astronaut
b) never made it to space
c) died in a crash
II. Education
a)…
…
 |
4. Develop your own 'shorthand' using abbreviations and symbols. The following abbreviations could be useful:
e.g. – for example etc – and so on
i.e. – that is à so, therefore
< - less that aka – also known as
> - greater that
5. Make note on the text about S.P. Korolev (p.3) using the techniques above.
6. Be brief, but not so brief that your notes don't make any sense. You will need to read your notes in the future and should be able to understand what you have written. Be ready to retell the text about S.P. Korolev using the notes you have made.
1. We have asked some foreigners what ideas of Russia they have (the answers are from a real Internet forum). Say which of them you agree/ disagree/ find common / surprising/shocking. Make your comments.
‘People there are very good-looking, all of them are blond. Have a look at Putin, for example!’ (China)
‘Russians love drinking vodka! P.S. Don’t worry about stereotypes, most people think that in Brazil there is only samba. I HATE samba!’ (Brazil)
‘My teacher once said that in Russia it is not a crime if husband would kill his wife. I don’t believe it, though.’ (Great Britain)
‘Cold - yeah that would be the first thing that comes to mind.’ (Trinidad and Tobago)
‘The streets are not safe from gangs and armed men.’ (Egypt)
‘hmm Stalin? :) sorry joke…I think you are good at teams sports like volleyball or basketball… football of course too.’ (Poland)
‘Russians always eat rye bread with herring.’ (Netherlands)
‘I hate Russian fashion, because there is lots of fur! Haven’t you heard of Green Peace, guys??’ (United States)
‘Russian children dream of leaving the country as soon as they are 18.’ (Germany)
‘People from Russia are very hospitable. If they invite you, you can be sure of a big welcome!’ (Italy)
1 a) Match the following geographic features with their Russian equivalents.
 1. continent
| a) океан |
| 2. country | b) река |
| 3. city | c) континент |
| 4. ocean | d) озеро |
| 5. sea | e) страна |
| 6. river | f) пустыня |
| 7. lake | g) город |
| 8. steppe [step] | h) гора |
| 9. plain | i) море |
| 10. forest | j) равнина |
| 11. desert [‘dezƏt] | k) лес |
| 12. mountain | l) степь |
| 13. island [‘aılƏnd] | m) канал |
| 14. peninsula [pƏ’nınsjƏlƏ] | n) остров |
| 15. canal [kƏ’næl] | o) полуостров |
| 16. tundra [‘t˄ndrƏ] | p) тундра |
| 17. taiga [‘taıgƏ] | q) тайга |
b) Name the geographical features you can see on the map below.
2. Practise reading the following words and geographic names.
| the Russian Federation | ðƏ r˄ʃn feder’eıʃn |
| Europe | ‘juƏrƏp |
| Asia | eıʒƏ |
| the Pacific | ðƏ pƏ’sıfik |
| the Arctic | ðı a:ktık |
| the Atlantic | ðı Ət’læntik |
| China | tʃaınƏ |
| Mongolia | mɒŋ’gƏulıƏ |
| Korea | kƏ’ri:Ə |
| Kazakhstan | .kæzæk’sta:n |
| Georgia | ‘ʤɔ:ʤƏ |
| Azerbaijan | .æzƏbaı’ʤa:n |
| Norway | ‘nɔ:weı |
| Finland | ‘fınlƏnd |
| the Baltic States | ðƏ bɔ:ltık steıts |
| Belorussia | .belƏu’r˄ʃƏ |
| Ukraine | ju:’kreın |
| Siberia | saı’bıƏrıƏ |
| the Urals | ðı juƏrƏlz |
| the Caucasus | ðƏ ‘kɔ:kƏsƏs |
| the Altai | ðı a:l’taı |
| the Volga | ðƏ ‘vɒlgƏ |
| the Caspian Sea | ðƏ kæspıƏn si: |
| the Ob | ðı ɒb |
| the Yenisey | ðƏ jini’seı |
| the Lena | ðƏ ‘leınƏ |
| the Amur | ðı Ə’muƏ |
| the Far East | ðƏ .fa:r’i:st |
| Lake Baikal | leık ‘baıka:l |
| Moscow | ‘mɒskƏu |
| occupy | ‘ɒkjƏpaı |
| surface | ‘sɜ:fıs |
| scenery | ‘si:nƏrı |
| climate | ‘klaımƏt |
| temperate | ‘tempƏrƏt |
| legislative | ‘leʤıslƏtıv |
| executive | ig’zekjƏtıv |
| judicial | ʤu:’dıʃl |
NB!
| the with geographical names | |
| The is used before | The is omitted before |
| · Oceans · Seas · Rivers · Canals · groups of islands/states · mountain ranges, · deserts · names with ‘of’ | · continents · Names of countries, but: the Netherlands, (the) Sudan, the Vatican City · Cities, but the Hague · Individual mountains · Islands · Lakes |
3. Read the text about Russia. Complete the table.
| Location | |
| Total area | |
| Lowland/Highland | |
| Water Resources | |
| Natural Resources | |
| Population | |
| Political System | |
| Capital | |
| Colours of the flag |
The Russian Federation
The Russian Federation is the largest country in the world. It occupies about one-seventh of the earth's surface. It covers the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia. Its total area is about 17 million square kilometers. The current population of Russia is 142 million of people.
The country is washed by 12 seas of 3 oceans: the Pacific, the Arctic and the Atlantic. In the south Russia borders on China, Mongolia, Korea, Kazakhstan, Georgia and Azerbaijan. In the west it borders on Norway, Finland, the Baltic States, Belorussia and Ukraine. It also has a sea-border with the USA.
There is hardly a country in the world where such a variety of scenery and vegetation can be found. We have steppes in the south, plains and forests in the midland, tundra and taiga in the north, highlands and deserts in the east.
There are two Great Plains in Russia: the Great Russian Plain and the West Siberian Lowland. There are several mountain chains on the territory of the country: the Urals, the Caucasus, the Altai and others. The largest mountain chain, the Urals, separates Europe from Asia.
There are over two million rivers in Russia. Europe's biggest river, the Volga, flows into the Caspian Sea. The main Siberian rivers — the Ob, the Yenisey and the Lena — flow from the south to the north. The Amur in the Far East flows into Pacific Ocean. Russia is rich in beautiful lakes. The world's deepest lake (1600 meters) is Lake Baikal. It is much smaller than the Baltic Sea, but there is much more water in it. Russia has one-sixth of the world's forests. They are concentrated in the European north of the country, in Siberia and in the Far East.
On the vast territory of the country there are various types of climate, from arctic in the north to subtropical in the south. In the middle of the country the climate is temperate and continental.
Russia is very rich in oil, coal, iron ore, natural gas, copper, nickel and other mineral resources.
Russia is a parliamentary republic. The Head of the State is the President. The legislative powers are exercised by the Duma. The executive power belongs to the Government and the judicial – to the System of Courts.
The capital of Russia is Moscow. It is its largest political, scientific, cultural and industrial centre. It is one of the oldest Russian cities.
At present, the political and economic situation in the country is rather complicated. There are a lot of problems in the national economy of the Russian Federation. But in spite of the problems Russia is facing now, there are a lot of opportunities for this country to become one of the leading countries in the world.
4. Match the following words with their definitions. Define the part of speech.
 1. surface
| a) beautiful natural environment |
| 2 to occupy | b) to divide into parts |
| 3. scenery | c) top part of something |
| 4. vegetation | d) liquid used as a fuel |
| 5. to separate | e) to use a place or period of time |
| 6. lowland | f) plants |
| 7. oil | g) black substance, burnt to get heat |
| 8. coal | h) flat land, same level as sea |
5. a) Match adjectives with nouns to make meaningful collocations.
 1. total
| a) resources |
| 2. vast | b) economy |
| 3. natural | c) area |
| 4. mineral | d) climate |
| 5. parliamentary | e) territory |
| 6. executive | f) country |
| 7. complicated | g) gas |
| 8. national | h) power |
| 9. leading | i) republic |
| 10. temperate | j) population |
| 11.current | k) situation |
b) Fill in the gaps with the collocations above.
Canada occupies most North America. It is the world's second largest country by (1)_______________after Russia. The (2)_______________ of Canada provides a wide variety of climates throughout the country. For example, Coastal British Columbia enjoys a (3)_______________, while Prairie provinces experience a continental one. Canada is a (4)_______________. Its strong democratic traditions have made it one of the (5)_______________ in the world though it had a (6)_______________ with the British Monarchy during World War II. The (7)_______________ is directed by the Cabinet of ministers.
The (8)_______________ is 32 million people, including English (21%), French (15.8%), Scottish (15.2%), Irish (13.9%), German (10.2%), Italian (5%), Chinese (3.9%), Ukrainian (3.6%),etc. Canada's two official languages are English and French. Canada is one of the world's wealthiest nations. Agricultural products play an important part in the (9)_______________. Canada is also a global source of many (10)_______________, such as gold, nickel, aluminium, and (11)_______________.
6.a)Fill in the gaps with the following prepositions.
a) Japan is a country of over three thousand islands washed (1)_____ the Pacific Ocean.
b) Japan doesn’t border (2)_____ any countries because it is an island.
c) Japan is rich (3)_____ gold, magnesium, and silver, though it is dependent on foreign sources for many of the minerals.
d) The Shinano River is the longest river in Japan flowing (4)_____ the Sea of Japan at Niigata City.
e) Most of the population is concentrated (5)_____ Tokyo because of education and job opportunities.
f) Japan is an island, but it belongs (6)_____ the continent of Asia.
g) The legislative power is exercised (7)_____ the Diet of Japan.
b) Put all possible questions to the sentences above.
| You should remember the following words and phrases! | |
| to occupy | занимать |
| to cover | покрывать |
| a surface | поверхность |
| scenery | пейзаж |
| vegetation | растительность |
| highland | высокогорье |
| lowland | низменность |
| temperate | умеренный |
| oil | нефть |
| coal | уголь |
| iron ore | железная руда |
| natural gas | природный газ |
| copper | медь |
| mineral resources | природные ископаемые |
| legislative | законодательный |
| executive | исполнительный |
| judicial | судебный |
| to border | граничить |
| to flow into | впадать (о реке) |
| to exercise | исполнять, осуществлять |
Ø We use the comparative degree to compare one person with another. We often use than after a comparative.
Ø We use the superlative degree to compare one person or thing with more than one of the same group. We often use of or in after a superlative.
| Regular Comparative and Superlative Forms | |||
| adjectives | positive | comparative | superlative |
| of one syllable add –(e)r/-(e)st to form their comparative and superlative forms | cold big safe | colder than bigger than safer than | the coldest (of/in) the biggest (of/in) the safest (of/in) |
| of two syllables ending in –ly,-y,-w also add –er/-est | busy shallow | busier than shallower than | the busiest (of/in) the shallowest (of/in) |
| of two or more syllables take more/most | famous incredible | more famous than more incredible than | the most famous (of/in) the most incredible (of/in) |
Certain adjectives form their comparative and superlative in both ways, either by adding –er/-est to the positive form or by taking more/most. Some of these are: clever, common, cruel, friendly, gentle, narrow, pleasant, polite, shallow, simple, stupid, quiet.
There are several exceptions
| positive | comparative | superlative |
| good | better | the best |
| bad | worse | the worst |
| little | less | the least |
| many/much | more | the most |
| far | farther/further | the farthest/furthest |
1. In the text (pp. 4-5), underline all the adjectives. Define the degree of comparison.
2. Open the brackets with the suitable degree of comparison.
a) Greenland is (large) island in the world.
b) Travelling by plane is (fast) than travelling by train.
c) Boracay Island in the Philippines has (good) beaches I have ever seen.
d) Jamaica is (sunny) than Norway.
e) Fjordland in New Zealand is (wet) place in the world.
f) Rain in the wet season is (heavy) than during the rest of the year.
g) Easter Island is (interesting) island I have ever visited.
h) A holiday in Thailand is (exciting) than a holiday in Spain.
i) Santa Cruz is the second (large) island in the Galapagos.
j) The Galapagos are one of (expensive) places in the world to visit.
3. Fill in the gaps with the adjectives from the box below. Choose the right degree of comparison.
 |
10 facts about the United States:
1. The USA has a (1)_______________ history compared to other world nations.
2. The (2)_______________ state is Rhode Island with an area of just 1,545 square miles (4,002 sq km). By contrast the (3)_______________ state by area is Alaska with 663,268 square miles (1,717,854 sq km).
3. Alaska has the (4)_______________ coastline in the United States at 6,640 miles (10,686 km).
4. Bristlecone pine trees, the world's (5)_______________ living things, are found in the western United States in California.
5. The west coast has a (6)_______________ climate than the interior because the ocean is near, whereas places like Arizona and Nevada are very hot and dry.
6. Although English is the (7)_______________ language used in the U.S. and is the language used in government, the country has no official language.
7. The (8)_______________ mountain in the world is located in the United States. Mauna Kea, located in Hawaii, is over 32,000 feet (10,000 meters) high, (9)_______________ than Mount Everest (29,028 feet or 8,848 meters).
8. The (10)_______________ temperature ever recorded in the United States was at Prospect Creek, Alaska on January 23, 1971. The temperature was -80°F (-62°C).
9. The (11)_______________ temperature recorded in the United States (and in North America) was in Death Valley, California on July 10, 1913. The temperature measured 134°F (56°C).
10. The (12)_______________ lake in the U.S. is Crater Lake (1,932 feet or 589 m) located in Oregon.
4. Read the fact files of Russia and Chile and write sentences comparing these two countries.
 |  |
1. a) Work in groups of 2-3 people. Make a tour guide around your city Samara. You may choose to speak about:
Ø The Square of Glory
Ø Kuibyshev Square / The Opera and Ballet House
Ø 
The Volga Embankment
Ø 
Drama Theatre / Stalin’s Bunker
Ø The churches of Samara
Ø Viewing point at the helicopter site
Ø Any other place you find important
1. Make a colorful leaflet with a brief description of the places in your guided tour.
1. a) How much do you know about Great Britain? Say whether these statements are true or false.
Ø 
Great Britain is the largest island in Europe.
Ø London is the capital of England, but not the capital of the United Kingdom.
Ø 
Ben Nevis is the longest river in the UK.
Ø 
The climate is mild and the temperature in summer is never more than 25 degrees.
Ø British policemen are called Bobbies.
Ø Electricity in England is 240 Volts.
Ø 
There are more chickens than humans in England.
Ø Oxbridge is the oldest university in Britain.
Ø The most popular topics for discussions for Britons are weather and sport.
b) What do you associate with Britain?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Practise reading the following geographical names.
| The United Kingdom | [ju:’naitid kiŋdəm] | Соединённое королевство |
| Great Britain | [greit ’bri-tən] | Великобритания |
| Northern Ireland | [\ˈnȯr-thə(r)n aiƏlend] | Северная Ирландия |
| British Isles | [britiʃ ailz] | Британские острова |
| England | [\ˈiŋ-glənd] | Англия |
| Wales | [‘weilz] | Уэльс |
| Scotland | [skotlƏnd] | Шотландия |
| Edinburgh | [ˈe-dən-ˌbər-ə] | Эдинбург |
| Belfast | [ˈbel-ˌfast] | Белфаст |
| Cardiff | [kär-dif] | Кардиф |
| The Strait of Dover | [streit Əv douvƏ] | Дуврский пролив |
| London | [l˄ndƏn] | Лондон |
| Liverpool | [livƏpu:l] | Ливерпуль |
| Glasgow | [glazgou] | Глазго |
| Ben Nevis | [ben’nevis] | Бен-Невис |
| Severn | [sevƏn] | р.Северн |
2. Match the terms with their Russian equivalents. Make use of a dictionary if necessary.
| 1) Prime Minister | a) Палата Общин |
| 2) British Parliament | b) премьер министр |
| 3) Patron Saint | c) лейбористская (рабочая) партия |
| 4) The House of Lords | d) Британский парламент |
| 5) The House of Commons | e) партия либералов |
| 6) Head of the State | f) святой покровитель |
| 7) The Labour Party | g) партия консерваторов |
| 8) The Conservative Party | h) Палата Лордов |
| 9) The Liberal Party | i) глава государства |
3. a) You are going to read the text about Great Britain. Complete the table.
| Location | |
| Total area | |
| Main parts | |
| Water Resources | |
| Industry | |
| Population | |
| Political System | |
| Language | |
| Capital(s) | |
| The flag |
Great Britain
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the UK) occupies most of the territory of the British Isles. It consists of four main parts: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. London is the capital of England, Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland, Cardiff— of Wales and Belfast — of Northern Ireland. The UK is a small country with an area of some 244,100 square kilometres. It occupies only 0.2 per cent of the world's land surface. It is washed by the Atlantic Ocean in the north-west, north and south-west and separated from Europe by the North Sea in the east and by the English Channel in the south. The Strait of Dover is the narrowest part of the Channel. The North Sea and the English Channel are often called "the narrow seas"; they are not deep but are frequently rough.
In the west the Irish Sea and the North Channel separate the UK from Ireland. The seas around Britain provide exceptionally good fishing grounds. The country has many bays favourable for shipping. In their shelter are Britain's main ports such as London, Liverpool, Glasgow and others.
One will not find very high mountains or large plains in Great Britain. Everything occupies very little place. Nature, it seems, has carefully adapted things to the size of the island itself. The highest mountain is Ben Nevis in Scotland, 4,406 feet high. The longest river is the Severn in England.
The population of the United Kingdom is over 57 million people.
The official language of the United Kingdom is English. But in western Scotland some people still speak Gaelic and in northern and central parts of Wales people often speak Welsh.
The UK is a highly developed industrial country. It is known as one of the world’s large