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Supplement 2: Analysis samples



Tom paused, afraid lest he say too much.

Том сделал паузу, опасаясь, что он сказал слишком много.

This is a complex sentence consisting of two parts. The principle part is ‘Tom paused, afraid’ and the object clause ‘he say too much’ is introduced by the conjunction ‘lest’. Subjunctive I is used in the object clauses after expressions of fear. Subjunctive I represents an action as problematic, but not as contradicting reality. The form of Subjunctive I is the same as the infinitive of the verb ‘to say’ without the particle ‘to’. It does not show any marking for tense.

If only he would call!

Ах, если бы он пришел!

It’s a simple exclamatory sentence beginning with the expression ‘if only’ used to express a strong wish. This expression is an intensifier equivalent of if, typically used in proposed unreal conditions. The combination of if only, the personal pronoun ‘he’, the auxiliary verb would and the bare infinitive of the notional verb ‘to call’ without the particle ‘to’ expresses regret about the present. This is the use of Subjunctive II in simple sentences.

I wish they would come and visit us.

Я хотел бы, чтобы они пришли к нам в гости.

It is a complex sentence. In the main part ‘I wish’ the indicative mood is used. The verb ‘wish’ is in the Present Simple tense. In the object clause Subjunctive II is used to talk about the imagined present or future. The verb would expresses a not very hopeful wish concerning the future. The construction wish ... would is used to invite someone’s co-operation.

If it were not so late, she would stay longer.

Если не было бы так поздно, она осталась бы еще.

This is a complex sentence. In the principle clause ‘she would stay longer’ the conditional mood is used. It represents an action as unreal due to the absence of the necessary circumstances on which the realisation of the action depends ‘it is late’. The reference is made to the present. So the present Subjunctive II is used in the if-clause and the present conditional is used in the principal clause. would stay is a simple verbal predicate. would is an auxiliary verb. In the subordinate clause of condition there is Subjunctive II of the verb to be. The adverbial clause of unreal condition is introduced by the conjunction if. The if-clause is put first, the clauses are separated with a comma.

It is necessary that he should help us.

Необходимо, чтобы он нам помог.

This is a complex sentence. The present suppositional mood is in the subject clause ‘that he should help us’ of the complex sentence introduced by the anticipatory it after the expression of necessity. In the main clause ‘it is necessary’ the indicative mood is used. The present suppositional mood is formed with the help of the auxiliary verb should. The suppositional mood represents an action as problematic, but not necessarily contradicting reality. The present suppositional mood expresses simultaneousness with the action in the main clause. should help is a simple verbal predicate. help is the bare infinitive of the notional verb ‘to help’ used without the particle ‘to’ after should.

You should consult a doctor.

Тебе необходимо проконсультироваться с врачом.

This is a simple sentence. should consult is a modal phrase and forms a compound verbal predicate. should as a modal verb possesses its own lexical meaning and expresses advice.

Anne worried lest the teacher should tell her parents what had happened.

Энн боялась, как бы учительница не рассказала Питеру, что случилось.

In this complex sentences the suppositional mood is used in the object clause ‘the teacher should tell Peter what had happened’ introduced by the conjunction lest ‘как бы ни’ after the expression of fear or anxiety. The suppositional mood represents an action as problematic, but not necessarily contradicting reality. The realisation of the action may depend on certain circumstances, but these circumstances are not contrary to fact. The present suppositional mood is formed by combining the auxiliary verb should with the bare infinitive of the notional verb ‘to tell’ without the particle ‘to’. It expresses simultaneousness with the action in the main clause ‘Ann worried’ where the verb ‘to worry’ is in the Past Simple tense.

But for you we should not have finished the work in time.

Без вас мы не закончили бы работу вовремя.

The conditional mood is used in the simple sentence with the condition expressed by the adverbial phrases but for. The past conditional is formed by the auxiliary verb should for the 1st person plural and the perfect infinitive of the notional verb ‘to finish’ used without the particle ‘to’. The perfect form of the conditional mood expresses priority to the moment of speaking.

I would not worry about it if I were you.

На твоем месте я бы не волновался бы об этом.

This is a complex sentence. The reference is made to the present. In the principle clause ‘I wouldn’t worry about it’ the present conditional is used. In the subordinate clause there is the fixed expression ‘if I were you’. It is used when giving advice and telling someone what you think they should do. The conditional mood represents an action as unreal due to the absence of the necessary circumstances on which the realisation of the action depends. The present conditional mood is formed by the auxiliary verb would and the bare infinitive of the notional verb ‘ to worry’ without the particle ‘to’.

Imagine how you would feel if your child were killed.

Представь себе, как бы те себя чувствовал, если бы твоего ребенка убили.

In this complex sentence the expression ‘imagine that ...’ is used to form a picture or idea about what something could be like. After the imperative the unreal past is used to discuss imaginary situations. The subordinate clause of condition ‘if your child were killed’ is introduced by the conjunction ‘if’ and is put after the object clause ‘how you would feel’. The clauses represent what is possible or hypothetical. The imaginary situation is in the if-clause, in the main clause there are speculations about the consequences.

In case of fire, break the glass.

В случае пожара разбить стекло.

In this simple sentence the imperative mood shows that the speaker urges the person addressed to fulfil the action. The imperative mood is the plain base-form of the notional verb ‘to break’. A clause in the imperative mood has the base form of the verb without a subject. The imperative mood is used for giving written instructions. The expression ‘in case of + noun’ is used to describe what you should do in a particular situation.







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