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The elements of a system of radio communication
1) Radio wave
Electrical energy that has escaped into free space exists in the form of electromagnetic waves. These waves, which are commonly called radio waves, travel with the velocity of light and consist of magnetic and electrostatic fields at right angles to each other and also at right angles to the direction of travel.
One half of the electrical energy contained in the wave exists in the form of electrostatic energy, while the remaining half is in the form of magnetic energy.
The essential properties of a radio wave are the frequency, intensity, direction of travel, and plane of polarization. The radio waves produced by an alternating current will vary in intensity with the frequency of the current and will therefore be alternately positive and negative.
The distance occupied by one complete cycle of such an alternating wave is equal to the velocity of the wave divided by the number of cycles that are sent out each second and is called the wave length.
The relation between wave lengthλ in meters and frequency ƒin cycles per second is therefore
Λ= 3000 000 000
ƒ
The quantity 300 000 000 is the velocity of light in meters per second. The frequency is ordinarily expressed in kilocycles, abbreviated KG; or megacycles, abbreviated MC. A low-frequency wave has a long wave length while a high frequency corresponds to a short wave length.
The strength of a radio wave is measured in terms of the voltage stress produced in space by the
Since the actual stress produced at any point by an alternating wave varies sinusoidally from instant to instant, it is customary to consider the intensity of such a wave to be the effective value of the stress, which is 0.707 times the maximum stress in the atmosphere during the cycle. The strength of the wave measured in terms of microvolts per meter of stress in space is exactly the same voltage that the magnetic flux of the wave induces in a conductor with the velocity of light.
Thus the strength of a wave is not only the dielectric stress produced in space by the electrostatic field, but also represents the voltage that the magnetic field of the wave will induce in cutting across a conductor.
In fact the voltage stress produced by the wave can be considered as resulting from the movement of the magnetic flux of the same wave.
The minimum field strength required to give satisfactory reception of a wave depends upon a number of factors, such as frequency, type of signal involved, and amount of interference present. Under some conditions radio waves having signal strengths as low as 0.1 µγper meter are usable. Occasionally signal strengths as great as 5,000 to 30,000 µγ per meter are required to ensure entirely satisfactory reception at all times.
In most cases the weakest useful signal strength lies somewhere between these extremes.
A plane parallel to the mutually perpendicular lines of electrostatic and electromagnetic flux is called the wave front.
The wave always travels in a direction at right angles to the wave front, but whether it goes forward or backward depends upon the relative direction of the lines of electromagnetic and electrostatic flux.
If the direction of either the magnetic or electrostatic flux is reversed, the direction of travel is reversed; but reversing both sets of flux has no effect.
The direction of the electrostatic lines of flux is called the direction of polarization of the wave. If the electrostatic flux lines are vertical the wave is vertically polarized; when the electrostatic flux lines are horizontal and the electromagnetic flux lines are vertical, the wave is horizontally polarized.
2)Propagation of radio waves of different frequencies
As radio waves travel away from their point of origin, they become attenuated or weakened. This is due to the fact that the waves spread out.
In addition, however, energy may be absorbed from the waves by the ground or by ionized regions in the upper atmosphere, and the waves may also be reflected or refracted by the earth, by ionized regions in the upper atmosphere, or by conditions within the lower atmosphere. The resulting situation is quite complex and differs greatly for radio waves of different frequencies.