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Walls and partitions

General Features to be Considered.— Some important factors that influence the selection of the materials and construction of walls for buildings are the following:

1. Architectural Appearance.— Although the shape of an industrial building may affect its aesthetic value considerably, the exterior walls are generally the features that determine whether or not its appearance is pleasing. Of course, along with the texture, color, and pattern of the exterior surface of the wall material must be included the pilasters, paneling, and any other elements that contribute to the total effect of the ensemble. For example, a high, long, blank wall almost cer­tainly will be unattractive regardless of the nature of the surface of the mate­rial of which it is made. Shadow lines, vertical and horizontal offsets, changes in color and texture, arrangement of windows, and the de­tails of the trim are some means whereby an architect may skilfully enhance the appearance of a structure. Architectural elevations and perspective drawings are extremely useful in helping one to determine and to judge what are the best answers to these problems.

2. Cost.— The cost of, the material used for the solid portions of the exterior walls is usually a relatively small part of the total cost of a building; the difference in cost of one desirable material over that of a less desirable one is still less important. Nevertheless, the aesthetic effect produced by the structure is permanent and will con­tinue long after any reduction of initial expenditure is forgotten. On the other hand, 12-in. brick walls naturally cost more than corrugated metal or transite coverings. The engineer should consider all impor­tant features, then make his choice upon the basis of value received, both real and intangible.

3. Suitability.— Associated with these matters of appearance and cost should be that of the general suitability of the wall material for the structure in which it is to be used, and that of its harmony with, neighboring structures. It is difficult to define the former quality be­cause of the varying uses to which structures may be put, the climate of the region, the availability of materials, insulating properties, and the different kinds of construction that may be desirable and practicable. For instance, a 60- by 200-ft. building with walls of neat yellow face brick may appear out of place among buildings with corrugated metal siding, not because the new building of itself is unsightly but because it emphasizes the difference between the new and the old. It is even more self-evident that a building with corrugated, galvanized metal siding may appear incongruous when set among others having attractive walls of red bricks, concrete, or stucco.

4. Durability. — Of Itself, a wall covering need not last longer than the rest of the structure, or the purpose for which the structure is built. The former situation seldom arises except in the case of buildings with combustible frames and roofs but with fireproof walls; in general, the durability and weather-resisting qualities of the walls and roof determine the useful life of the building. The latter — the purpose for which a structure is built — has a way of changing as time goes by. Many a "temporary" structure erected years ago is still functioning, or its owner wishes that it would continue to do so. Hence the use of cheap, temporary wall coverings is likely to prove costly in the long run on account of maintenance charges and replacement in order to continue the building in unintended service. Good, durable materials are usually worth their cost.

5. Strength. — Aside from wall-bearing structures and those erected in regions that are subjected to earthquakes, the strength of wall materials is seldom critical unless the structural supports are improp­erly designed, or the walls are too thin and tall. Resistance to wind should be provided for, and buckling of thin walls under their own weight should be prevented. It is the structural frame rather than the wall itself that should generally be relied upon to hold a thin, flimsy wall in place.

6. Weight.— The weight of a wall may be especially worthy of consideration when continuous windows are used, because the lintels and any spandrel beams must carry to the columns all the. wall loads supported by these members. Heavy brick or masonry walls may thereforeadd considerably to the cost of the framing. Even in other cases, lightness is often advantageous.

7. Resistance to Fire.— Combustible materials, such as wood, may be well adapted to use as walls except for the hazard of fire; irrcornbustible materials like steel may be fire-resistant although not truly fireproof. The inherent dangers and the risks involved should be studied in each case before anyone makes his selection of the material to be used.

It is difficult for one to illustrate and compare all—or even nearly all — possible types of wall construction. In this chapter the endeavor is to give the reader considerable information by showing several common types of wall construction used in industrial buildings.

The sequence of the types of wall discussed in this chapter is based largely upon their light weight rather than upon their relative desirability.

A large amount of development and experimental work is being carried on with the object of securing lighter, cheaper, and better walls than those that have hitherto been in common use. These will be especially important in tall, multistory buildings; lightness alone is not so important in factory buildings. Even in the case of indus­trial structures, the use of prefabricated panels may bring about con­siderable changes in one's ideas of suitable construction.

 

Tourism

Tourism is defined as a composite of activities, services, and industries that delivers a travel experience to individuals and groups traveling fifty miles or more from their homes for purposes of pleasure.

The business sectors comprising the tourism industry include: transportation, accommodations, eating and drinking establishments, shops, entertainment venues, activity facilities, and a variety of hospitality service providers who cater to individuals or groups traveling away from home.

Tourism product is not produced by a single business, nonprofit organization, or governmental agency; rather, it is defined as “a satisfying visitor experience.” This definition encompasses every activity and experience that a tourist encounters during his or her entire trip away from home.

Although many of us have been "tourists" at some point in our lives, defining what tourism actually is can be difficult. Tourism is the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business or other purposes.

Tourism is a dynamic and competitive industry that requires the ability to constantly adapt to customers' changing needs and desires, as the customer’s satisfaction, safety and enjoyment are particularly the focus of tourism businesses.

Types

Tourism encompasses:

Outbound Tourism

Outbound tourism is what you may be most familiar with. It involves the business of people going from British Columbia to other provinces, territories or countries. For example, going to Hawaii in February is considered outbound tourism.

Inbound Tourism

BC competes in a global market to attract tourists from the United States, Japan, Germany and many other countries. We also implement marketing campaigns aimed at attracting travellers from other parts of Canada. The tourists coming to BC from other places are called inbound tourists.

Sectors

The tourism industry is divided into five different sectors:

•Accommodation

•Food and Beverage Services

•Recreation and Entertainment

•Transportation

•Travel Services

The diversity of these five sectors shows that the career options in the tourism industry are unlimited. Depending on your interests and skills, you can work indoors or out, nine to five or midnight to noon. You can work in an office, an airport or out of your home. You can have one career in the winter and another in the summer. In short, you can make your career fit the lifestyle you want.

 

Сompany Law

Company law is the low which deals with the creation and regulation of business entities. The most common forms of business entity are companies and partnership.

A company is group of people which is treated as a legal person, with a separate identity from its shareholding members. It can own property, enter into contacts, sue others and be sued. This contrasts with a partnership, which is not considered to be legal person and is not able to own property in its own name.

Because of the limited liability of the members of company for its debts, as well as its separate personality and tax treatment, the company has become the most popular form of business entity in most countries in the world.

Companies have an inherent flexibility which can let them grow; there is not legal reason why a company initially formed by a sole proprietor cannot eventually grow to be publicly listed company, but a partnership will generally have limited number of partners.

A company has shareholders (those who invest money in it and get shares in return), a board of directors (people who manage the affairs of the company) and creditors (those to whom the company owes money) . Company law deals with the relationship between companies and their shareholders, creditors, regulators and third parties.

The process of registering a company is known as company formation. Companies can be created by individuals, specialized agents, attorneys or accounts. Today, the majority of companies formed in the UK and the USA are formed electronically. In the UK, a certificate of incorporation is issued once the company’s constitutional documents and statutory forms have been filed.

The constitution of a company consists of two documents. The memorandum of association states the principal object of the company. The second document, the articles of association, regulates the company’s internal management and administrative affairs, including matters such as the rights and obligation of shareholders and directors, conduct of meetings and corporate contacts.