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Билет №18 Modal verbs. Must, have to, be to and their equivalents

(C) ESP

THE PLAN:

1. general description of m.v.; their peculiarities;

2. the modal verb must:

in creative contexts;

in descriptive contexts;

3. have + to-infinitive;

4. be + to-infinitive.

Modal verbs are used to show speaker’s attitude toward the action or state indicated by the infinitive, they show if this action is considered as possible, impossible, probable, obligatory, necessary, advisable etc. M.v. are called defective because all of them (except dare and need) lack verbals and analytical forms. Besides, they do not take –s in the third person singular. They have some peculiarities:

1) all of them (except ought to and sometimes dare and need) are followed by the infinitive without the particle to.

2) All of them (except dare and need) form the negative and interrogative fom without the auxiliary do.

3) All of the m.v. have negative forms – a full (must not) and a contracted one (mustn’t)

MUST

MEANING; FUNCTION sentence type	EXAMPLES	NOTES; RESTRICTIONS
conclusion that sth is certain or highly probable (+)	Mary must have a problem- she keeps crying. I cаn't find my keys; I must've left them at home. You must be joking!	a) Must can be used in reported speech: I felt there must be something wrong. b) Should can be used as a weaker form: Ann must be at home by now (I'm sure…) Ann should be at home by now (I think she's probably...) с)АmE prefers have (got) to; this use is becoming common in BrE, too: You have (got) to be joking! Only eight o'clock! It's got to be later than that!
an obligation that comes from the speaker; strong advice or order to oneself or the other person (+,?)	Yon must behere at 8 tomorrow. (~Ты должен…, тебе необходимо. .) We mustn't go back on our word (~…не должны, нельзя...) Must I clean all the rooms?	a)In АmЕ, have to is generally preferred: Do I have to clean ...? b) Generally speaking, will have to "distances" the instructions, making them sound less direct than must. You'll have to be here at 8 tomorrow.
prohibition that comes from the speaker (-)	You mustn't open this parcel until Christmas Day	In AmE, can't is normal: You can't open this parcel...
emphatic advice or invitation (+,-)	You really must come and seeus soon, (-Непременно...) You mustn't miss this chance (~Ни в коем случае не…)
emphatic, irritable reproach (?)     sth regarded as inevitable owing to the laws of nature(+)	Why must you always leave the door open? Must you wear dirty old jeans the whole time?   All people must die. Plants must have plenty of water and sunlight.
TO HAVE (GOT) TO
an obligation that comes from "outside" (circumstances, regulations, other people's orders) (+,?)	Sorry I've got to go now. Do you have to wear a tie to the office? / 'm having to workvery hard at the moment (temporary continued obligation)	Have got to is not normally used to speak about repeated obligations: I usually have to start work at eight.
absence of necessity (-)	1 don't have to cook my meals now that I'm married.	Or: I don't need to cook...

TO BE TO