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Pharmacological Activity
This scheme classifies drugs according to their primary pharmacological activity. All compounds produced multiple effects, so what is consider the primary effect and what is considered the secondary effect varies as a function of reference point. Often the primary therapeutic use of a compound is considered its primary effect and thus used to classify it pharmacologically.
The classification scheme given below focuses on each compound's main psychotropic effects which in some cases classifies it differently from what might be considered its primary pharmacological effect (i.e., based on therapeutic use). For example, pseudoephedrine is a popular decongestant that has mild stimulatory properties. Pseudoephedrine's decongestant effect might be considered its primary effect, while its stimulatory effect would be considered a secondary side-effect. However, from a psychopharmacological perspective, pseudoephedrine's stimulatory effect is its primary effect and its decongestant action is a secondary (although therapeutically more useful) effect. Therefore, pseudoephedrine is classified below as a mild stimulant like caffeine and nicotine.
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2.Answear the questions.
| № з/р | З а в д а н н я | Рекомендації щодо вивчення |
| Прочитати, перекласти текст ”Ліки та їх кваліфікація ” Скласти діалог за темою. | 1)Виписати слова у словник: а) усі слова і словосполучення, б)виписати стійкі вирази з даної теми, в)медичні терміни. 2)Написати запитання та відповіді на них. а) Виписати та вивчити слова повсякденного вжитку б) вжити лексику з тексту у діалозі. |
3.Перекласти слова та речення в таблиці.
| Drug Class | Primary Effects/Approved Medicinal Uses | Examples |
| Opiates/Opioids/Narcotic Analgesics | analgesia, cough suppression, antidiarrhea, suppression of opiate withdrawal, sedation; currently used therapeutically for the first four effects | opium, morphine, codeine, heroin (diacetyl morphine), fentanyl, methadone, meperidine, L-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) |
| Narcotic/Opiate Antagonists | block the effects of narcotics; used to treat opiate overdose | naloxone, naltrexone |
| Psychomotor Stimulants | stimulate psychological and sensory-motor functioning; used therapeutically to treat ADHD and narcolepsy, sometimes as an appetite suppressant, occasionally antifatigue, formerly for asthma and for sinsus decongestion | amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, methylphenidate |
| Other Stimulants | similar to psychomotor stimulants but with much less efficacy; various therapeutic effects including caffeine compounded with aspirin in some OTC pain relievers, ephedrine in OTC asthma medicines, pseudoephedrine in OTC sinus decongestants and OTC appetite suppressants | caffeine, nicotine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine |
| Barbiturates | general decrease in CNS arousal/excitability level; used therapeutically for anesthetic, anticonvulsant, sedative, and hypnotic effects | thiopental, secobarbital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital |
| Minor Tranquilizers | general decrease in CNS arousal/excitability level, but low dose are somewhat selective for anxiety and much less sedative than barbiturates; used therapeutically as anxiolytics, benzodiazepines also as anesthetics and anticonvulsants | includes two subclasses: benzodiazepines (e.g.,. diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, flunitrazepam [Rohypnol]) and muscle relaxants (e.g., meprobamate) |
| Major Tranquilizers (antipsychotics/neuroleptics) | general sedation at high doses, with selective antipsychotic activity at lower doses; used therapeutically to treat schizophrenia and other major psychotic disorders | haloperidol, pimozide, flupenthixol, chlorpromazine, spiroperidol, clozapine |
| Antidepressants | no perceptible CNS effects in normals, but effectively alleviate depression in many depressives; used therapeutically to treat depression | includes three subclasses: monoamine oxidase inhibitors (e.g., pargyline), tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, desmethylimipramine), and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs: e.g., sertaline) |
| Antimanic | dampens extreme mood swings in some people; used to treat manic-depressive (bipolar) disorders | lithium |
| Alcohol | general decrease in CNS arousal/excitability level; no current therapeutic uses, but formerly used as an anesthetic and a sedative | ethyl alcohol (other alcohols have similar actions but are associated with very toxic effects, e.g., methanol) |
| Volatile Anesthetics | general decrease in CNS arousal/excitability level; used therapeutically for anesthesia | nitrous oxide, halothane, ether |
| Volatile Solvents | produce feelings of intoxication, can produce hallucinations at high doses; no therapeutics uses (all can cause marked brain damage in moderately low concentrations | toluene, benzene, naphtha |
| Psychogenics | produce altered states of consciousness; hallucinogenics produce hallucinations sometimes reported as "mystic" experiences; cannabinoids usually produce increased feelings of "well being" and "mellow" intoxication; the "pleasantness" of the states produced by both classes probably depends partially on expectancies; no approved therapeutic uses, but cannabinoids are being increasingly used for their antinausea, anxiolytic, and appetite-stimulating effects in severely ill patients (e.g., AIDS) | includes two subclasses: hallucinogenics (e.g., lysergic acid diethylaminde [LSD], mescaline, psilocybin) and cannabinoids (e.g., marijuana, hashish). |
| Stimulatory Hallucinogenics (cf. former psychotomimetics) | produce a mixture of psychomotor stimulant and hallucinogenic effects, depending on dose and other factors; no therapeutic uses, except phencyclidine as a veterinary anesthetic | MDMA (ecstasy), phencyclidine (PCP), ketamine (?) |
Самостійна робота №3 до практичного заняття №3