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The Constitutional Court.

This is the highest judicial body in the Russian Federation. It is made up

of 19 judges, proposed by the President of the Russian Federation and

approved by the Federation Council. Since June 2008 the Constitutional

Court has been located in St Petersburg.

The Constitutional Court has jurisdiction to interpret the RF

Constitution; to decide whether a federal law is consistent with the country’s

Constitution; and to adjudicate whether or not laws regulations and

normative acts passed by the President of the Russian Federation, the

Council of the Federation, the State Duma, the Government of the Russian

Federation, constitutions of republics, charters and other normative acts of

the subjects of Russian Federation are consistent with the Constitution of

the Russian Federation;

Courts of General Jurisdiction.

The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.

This is the supreme judicial body for all courts of general jurisdiction on

civil, criminal and administrative matters. As of today the Supreme Court

consists of 123 judges. Judges for the Supreme Court are proposed by the

President of the Russian Federation and approved by the upper house of the

legislature, the Federation Council. The Supreme Court is located in

Moscow.

It has jurisdiction as a court of cassation, i.e. it is the highest court of

appeal in the land. It is a court of supervisory instance over the courts of the

subjects of the Russian Federation and over the tier of district courts below

that level. There are three chambers in the structure of the Supreme Court

of the Russian Federation: Judicial Chamber on Civil Cases; Judicial

Chamber on Criminal Cases; and Military Chamber.

The Plenary Session of the Supreme Court can issue regulations.

Regulations are a unique element of the machinery for the implementation

of domestic law in the Russian legal system. Enacted by the Plenary

Session, they are “explanations on issues of judicial practice”, based on

the overview and generalization of the jurisprudence of the lower courts

and Supreme Courts of subjects of the Federation. Regulations are abstract

opinions but legally binding on all lower courts. They summarize the

judicial practice of lower courts and explain how a particular provision of

the law shall be applied. These regulations are employed to ensure the

consistent application of Russian law by explaining how the law shall be

interpreted. Regulations have their legal basis in Article 126 of the RF

Constitution.

Military Courts.

The basic tier of military courts is the military courts of the armed forces,

fleets, garrisons and separate military forces. The middle tier of military

courts consists of military courts of the branches of the armed forces, the

seven Military Districts into which the country is divided, and the districts

of anti-aircraft defense, navy and individual armies. They consider disputes

involving military personnel. Three-tiered system of the military courts is an

integral part of Courts of General Jurisdiction