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Part Three WORD-BUILDING (1)



Directions:Read the texts below and decide what part of speech in A, B, C or D best fits each gap in the sentences.

Test 56

In 332 BC Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia,

(1) ___ Egypt. In 305 BC Alexander's general Ptolemy

became king of Egypt, and for almost 300 years his (2)

___ , the Ptolemies, ruled Egypt. Although Ptolemy was

Macedonian by birth and the Ptolemies remained (3)_

to Greek culture, they were (4)_____ for one of the great­
est periods of building and decorating temples in Egypt.

The Ptolemies did so to win (5)__ for their rule from

their Egyptian (6)___ . The Ptolemaic dynasty ended when

Cleopatn, queen of Egypt, (7)_____ suicide after the Ro­
mans (8)___ her forces at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC.

The Roman victory marked the end of ancient Egypt as an
(9) ___ power.

1. A conquered C conquering
B conquer D conquest

2. A descend C descendible
B descending D descendants

3. A ties C tier
B tied D tiring

4. A responsible C responsibility
B responsibly D responsive


5. A accept C acceptance
B accepted D acceptability

6. A subjects C subjacent
B subjective D subjectify

7. A commitment C committing
B committed D committal

8. A defeatism C defeating
B defeat D defeated

9. A depend C independent
B independence D depending

Test 57

Although the Smithsonian Institution may seem an

American enterprise, its (1)_____ He in the bequest of an

Englishman, Smithson, who never even visited the Unit­
ed States. In October 1826, James Smithson (2)______ his

will, (3) ____ his vast (4) ___ to his nephew with one

proviso: if the nephew died with no (5)_____ , Smithson's

estate was to be given "to the United States of America,,
(6)___ at Washington, under the name of the Smithso­
nian Institution, an Establishment for the increase and

(7) ___ of knowledge among men". His nephew died,

heirless, (8)____ than seven years after his uncle.

1. A origins C originality
B original D originally

2. A writing C wrote
B written D writer

3. A left C leave
B leaving D leaves


4. A fortunate C fortune

B fortunated D fortunately

5. A heirloom C heiress
B heirs D heirless

6. A founding C founded
B foundation D to found

7. A diffusion C diffuse
B diffusible D diffusing

8. A little C a little
B least D less

Test 58

A number of individual diamonds have become (1)__ ,

(2)____ because of their size. The largest of all (3)________

diamonds is the Cullinan, which was discovered in South

Africa in 1905 and was (4)_____ to Edward VII, king of

the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ire­land, by the government of the Transvaal. The Cullinan weighed 3,106 carats before cutting and was pronounced

by crystallographers to be a fragment of a (5)______ larger

stone. When the stone was cut, a total of 105 gems were

produced, (6)___ 1,063 carats in all. The largest of these

was a stone called the Star of Africa, the biggest cut dia­
mond in (7) ___ , and now set in the British (8) ___

scepter.

1. A famed C famously
B famous D fame

2. A primacy C prime

B primary D primarily


3. A knew C knowing
B known D knowledge

4. A present C presented
B presence D presenting

5. A considerably C considering
B considerable D considered

6. A weight C weighed
B weigh D weighing

7. A exist C existed

B existing D existence

8. A royally C royalty
B royal D royals

Test 59

(1) ___ to tradition, the first American Thanksgiving

was (2) ____ in 1621 by the English Pilgrims who had

founded the Plymouth Colony. The Pilgrims marked the

(3) ___ by (4) ____ with their Native American guests

who brought gifts of food as a gesture of goodwill. Al­
though this event was an important part of American colo­
nial history, there is no (5)__ that any of the (6)___

thought of the feast as a thanksgiving celebration. Two years later, during a period of drought, a day of fasting and prayer was changed to one of thanksgiving because

rains came during the prayers. (7)_____ the custom (8)____

among New Englanders to (9)____ celebrate Thanksgiving

after the harvest.

1. A Accordingly C According

B Accordance D Accordant


 

2. A celebrating C celebration
B celebrated D celebrate

3. A occasion C occasionally
B occasional D occasionalism

4. A feast C festivity
B feasted D feasting

5. A evident C evidence
B evidently D evidenced

6. A participate C participants
B participating D participated

7. A Grade C Graded
B Gradually D Gradual

8. A prevailed C prevailing
B prevalence D prevalent

9. A annual C annualize
B annum D annually

Test 60 |

During an (1)____ 700 years ago, the England's King

Edward I took the 181 kg Stone of Destiny from central
Scotland. According to ancient prophecy, whoever had
(2)____ the stone would have (3)_____ over Scotland. Ac­
cording to legend, during coronations, the stone would

make a (4) ____ noise if the person sitting on it was of

royal (5)____ , and it would remain (6)_____ if the person

was not of royal family. (7) __ for a brief period of

time, the stone has remained under the coronation (8)____

at Westminster Abbey in London, England, for the last


700 years. (9)____ English and British monarch has been

crowned on the Stone of Destiny since Edward brought it to Westminster Abbey in 1296.

1. A invade C invaded
B invasive D invasion

2. A owning C ownership
B owned D own

3. A powerfully C power
B powerful D powered

4. A groaning C groaningly
B groan D groaned

5. A blooded C bloody
B bloodily D blood

6. A silently C silent

B silence D silencing

7. A Exception C Except

B Excepting D Excepted

8. A seat C seater
B seated D seating

9. A Everyone C Everywhere
B Each D Every

Test 61

The ancient games are athletic contests and other types

of public (1)____ that were a (2)_____ of the religious and

social life of ancient Greece and Rome. The Roman games


(3)___ radically from the Greek games in several respects.

In Greece the people were often (4)____ , whereas in Rome

they were mere spectators, and only professional athletes,

slaves, and (5) ____ usually took part. Also, the Greek

games (6)____ for their entertainment (7)_____ chiefly on

(8)____ among athletes, whereas the Roman games were

often characterized by the staging of battles (9)____ to the

death and (10)____ large numbers of human beings and

also beasts.

1. A spectacularly C spectacled
B spectacle D spectacular

2. A featured C feature

B featuring D featureless

3. A differed C differ

B different D difference

4. A participation C parts

B participants D participate

5. A prison C imprisonment
B imprisoned D prisoners

6. A dependence C depended
B depending D dependent

7. A value C values
B valuable D valued

8. A competed C compete
B competition D competing

9 A fighting C fightingly

B fighter D fought


10. A involvement C involved

B involving D involve

Test 62

Cereals are various species of the grass family, (1)____

for their seed, which is used as food. The name is (2)_____

from Ceres, the Roman goddess of grains and agriculture.

Although the cereals do not belong to any (3)____ tribe of

the grasses, the use of particular species as bread plants

seems to have been determined chiefly by the (4)____ size

of the seed or by the (5)__ of obtaining it in (6)___

quantity and of freeing it from its (7)_____ covering. The

most (8) ___ cultivated grains are wheat, barley, rye,

oats, rice, corn or maize. These have all been cultivated

since ancient times. Maize is the only grain that (9)______

in America; the others were developed in Europe, Asia, and Africa.

1. A cultivation C cultivated
B cultivable D cultivar

2. A derived C derivation
B derivative D deriving

3. A particularly C particularized
B particularity D particular

4. A superiority C superiorly
B superior D super

5. A easy C ease

B easily D easement

6. A suffice ' C sufficiency
B sufficient D sufficiently


7. A edible C eat

B edibly D edibility

8. A extensively C extent

B extensive D extensible

9. A origin C origination
B original D originated

Test 63

Periodic floods (1) __ naturally on many rivers,

forming an area known as the (2) ____ plain. These

river floods often result from heavy rain, sometimes com­bined with melting snow, which causes the rivers to overflow their banks; a flood that rises and falls rapidly

with little or no (3)__ warning is called a flash flood.

Flash floods are usually caused by (4)______ rainfall over

a (5) ___ small area. Coastal areas occasionally are

flooded by unusually high tides (6) ___ by (7) ____

winds over ocean surfaces, or by tsunamis caused by
undersea earthquakes. Floods not only damage proper­
ty and (8) ___ the lives of humans and animals, but

have other (9) ___ as well.

1. A occurred C occur

B occurrence D occurring

2. A flow C flowed
B flood D flooding

3 A advance C advances
B advanced D advancing

4 A intensity C intensify

B intense D intensely


5. A relative C relate

B relativity D relatively

6. A induced C inducement
B induce D inducing

7. A severely C severe
B severity D severing

8. A danger C in danger
B endanger D dangerous

9. A effectiveness C effective
B effects D effectively

Test 64 |

Although several cane-cutting machines have been used

with some (1)____ , most of the sugarcane in the world is

(2)___ by hand. The cutting instrument most common-

ly used (3) ___ of a large steel blade 50 cm (4) ________ and

about 13 cm (5)___ , (6)____ with a small hook on the

back, and set into a wooden handle. Cane is cut at or near the surface of the ground, stripped of its leaves by the knife hook, and trimmed at the top near the last

(7)___ joint. The cane is then piled in rows along the

ground until picked up by hand or machine, tied in bun­
dles, and transported by cart or truck to the sugar facto­
ry, where the (8)___ mill extracts the sugar from the cane.

1. A succeed C success

B successful D succeeding

2. A harvesting C harvested
B harvester D harvest


 

3. A constituent C constituency
B consists D consisting

4. A length C longer
B lengthen D long

5. A wide C width

B widen D widening

6. A equipment C equipped
B equipping D equips

7. A mature C maturating
B maturate D maturely

8. A grind C ground

B grinding D grindable

Test 65

Quebec has several problems with (1) . Because of its location at the northeast corner of North America,

winds from the southwest carry pollution to the (2)______ .

Acid rain has (3) ____ damaged (4) ____ lakes and some

forestlands, with maple trees the hardest hit. About half of

the sulfur compounds that (5)_____ acid rain originate at

power plants and industrial sites in the United States, a
quarter originate in Ontario, and a quarter originate within
Quebec. In (6)____ , large parts of the St. Lawrence Riv­
er are polluted by fertilizer runoff and toxic industrial dis­
charges despite federally (7) ____ regulations to improve

the (8)____ of the water.

1 A pollute C polluting

B polluted D pollution


2. A provincialism C province

B provincial D provincially

3. A seriously C seriousness
B serious D more serious

4. A numerously C numerous
B numerate D numerated

5. A causality C causative
B causally D cause

6. A additional C add

B addition D added

7. A enforced C force

B forcing D enforce

8. A qualitative C qualifying
B quality D qualify

Test 66

A (1)____ lighthouse is a structure from which light

is projected at night, or which serves as a marker by
day, (2) _____ ships (3) ____ in coastal waters. Light­
houses are constructed at important points on a coast­
line, at (4) _ to harbours and estuaries, on rocky

ledges or reefs, on islands, and even in the water. Light­
houses help (5) ____ a ship's location, warn ships of

(6)____ hazards, and (7)_____ them that land is (8)___ .

Lighthouses differ from smaller beacons in that a light­
house includes (9)____ quarters for a lighthouse keeper.

Today, however, most lighthouses use automatic elec­
tric lights that do not (10)__ a full-time resident op­
erator.


 

1. A commonly C commonness
B common D commoner

2. A guided C guidance
B to guide D guideline

3. A sailer C sails
B sailor D sailing

4. A enter C entrances

B entrant D entered

5. A identify C identification
B identifying D identified

6. A potentially C potency
B potential D potent

7. A notifying C notify
B notification D notified

 

8. A nearer C nearness
B nearly D near

9. A living C alive
B live D life

10. A requirement C required
B require D requiring

Test 67

In 1963 the ZIP (Zoning Improvement Program) code

system was (1)___ to simplify the patterns and (2)____ of

mail (3)____ . The ZIP code is a five-digit number used

on the last line of the address (4)____ the name of the city


and state. The first (5)_____ , from 0 to 9, stands for one

of the ten main geographical areas into which the United

States and its (6) ____ are (7) ____ . The next four digits

mark off (8)___ farther by subdividing the main area; the

first three digits together (9)____ a sectional or metropol­
itan area, with the next two numbers (10)____ an (11)____

or branch post office. Use of ZIP codes is (12)_____ .

1. A introduced C introduce
B introduction D introducing

2. A procedural C procedures
B procedurality D procedurally

3. A distribution C distribute
B distributor D distributed

4. A follow C followed
B following D follower

5. A digitalization C digital
B digitally D digit

6. A possessive C possessions
B possesses D possess

7. A divide C dividing
B divided D division

8. A local C locally

B localities D localized

9. A represent C representation
B representative D represents

10. A specify C specifying
B specification D species


 

11. A disassociated C associating
B association D associated

12. A voluntary C volunteer

B voluntarily D voluntarism

Test 68

The first globes were built by ancient Greeks. The

earliest known globe was said to have been (1)_ by

the (2) ____ Crates about 150 BC. An ancient celestial

globe that still (3)_____ was made about 150 AD as part

of a (4)___ , called the Farnese Atlas, in the Naples

Museum, Italy. The oldest (5)______ terrestrial globe was

built in Germany, in 1492. This globe does not show

the Americas. As new (6) __ were discovered in the

16th and 17th centuries, globes became more (7) _ .

The world's largest globe is the Unisphere, which was

built for the 1964 New York World's Fair. This (8)______

steel globe is 37 m (9) ____ and weighs 408,000 kg,

including its base.

1. A construct C constructing
B constructive D constructed

2. A scholarship C scholar

B scholarly D scholastic

3. A existing C existence
B exists D existed

4. A sculptor C sculpt

B sculpture D sculptural

5. A existing C exists

B existed D existence


6. A land C lands

B landless D landed

7. A accuracy C accurately
B accurate D accuracies

8. A stain C staining

B stained D stainless

9. A cross C crossing
B crossed D across

Test 69

The Louvre, the national art museum of France and

the palace in which it is (1)__ , is located in Paris, on

the right bank of the Seine River. The structure, until 1682

a (2) ___ of the kings of France, is one of the largest

palaces in the world. It (3)____ the site of a 13th-century

fortress. The building of the Louvre was begun in 1546.

(4)___ were made to the structure during the (5)______ of

almost every French (6) __ . Under Henry IV, in the

early 17th century, the Grande Galerie, now the main

picture gallery, which borders the Seine, was (7)_____ . By

the mid-19th century the vast complex was built; (8)_____

more than 19 hectares, it is a masterpiece of architectural design.

1. A house C housed

B home D homeland

2. A residence C resident
B residential D residence

3. A occupies C occupancy
B occupying D occupant


 

4. A Add C Additions
B Adds D Adding

5. A regal C reigned
B reigns D regale

6. A monarchic C monarch
B monarchal D monarchy

7. A completing C complete
B completion D completed

8. A covering C covered
B cover D coverage

Test 70

Children's games are recreational (1)______ especially

enjoyed by children. Any attempt (2)_____ them is diffi­
cult because of their great number and (3)_ — chil­
dren enjoy active games as well as passive ones, games

of skill and those of chance, games (4)__ indoors or

outdoors, and games for one child alone or for two or
more. Some games are structured, that is, played ac­
cording to formal rules and generally with (5) ____ equip­
ment; others are unstructured, "made up" (6) ___ as

the game progresses (and often prefaced with the sug­
gestion, "Let's (7) ___ "). Word games and guessing

games — (8) ___ lotto, questions, and charades — are

also popular.

1. A active C activities
B activists D activism

2. A classifying C to classify
B classification D classified


3. A variant C varies
B variety D varying

4. A playing C playable
B play D played

5. A prescribable C prescribed
B prescription D prescribe

6. A spontaneously C spontaneous

B spontaneity D spontaneousness

7. A pretence C to pretend
B pretend D pretending

8. A inclusive C included
B include D including

Test 71

Scarlet fever is an (1)____ disease, caused by bacteria,

which usually enter the body through the nose or mouth; it is
transmitted from person to person by direct contact, that is,
by sprays of droplets from the respiratory tract of an infected
person, or by indirect contact through the use of utensils
previously handled by an infected person. The disease most
commonly (2)___ children between the ages of two and ten

The typical (3)____ symptoms of the disease are head­
ache, sore throat, chills, fever, and general malaise. From
two to three days after the first appearance of symptoms, red

spots may appear on the palate; bright red papilla (4)_____

on the tongue, giving it an appearance commonly called straw­berry tongue. A characteristic skin eruption appears on the chest and usually spreads over the entire body except the face. The rash fades on pressure. The fever, which frequently runs as high as 40° to 40.6°C, generally lasts only a few days


but may (5)___ to a week or longer. The rash usually fades

in (6)___ a week, and at that time the skin begins to peel.

Scarlet fever may be (7) _____ by other diseases, for

example, by pneumonia. Since the (8) _____ of penicillin,

however, most instances of scarlet fever can be (9) ______

without the (10)____ of permanent after-effects.

1. A infectious C infect

B infection D infected

2. A affection C affects

B affected D affecting

3. A initials C initialize
B initial D initialized

4. A emerged C emerging
B emerge D emergence

5. A extent C extended
B extending D extend

6. A approximately C approximation
B approximate D approximated

7. A complication C complicated
B complicate D complicating

 

8. A introduce C introduced
B introducing D introduction

9. A cure C curing

B cured D cureless

10. A occurrence C occurred
B occur D occurring


Test 72

The Great Depression in the United States, the worst

and longest (1)____ collapse in the history of the modern

industrial world, lasted from the end of 1929 until the early 1940s. Beginning in the United States, the depression spread to most of the world's industrial countries, which in the

20th century had become economically (2) ______ on one

another. The Great Depression saw rapid declines in the production and sale of goods and a sudden, severe rise in

(3) ___ . Businesses and banks closed their doors, people

lost their jobs, homes, and savings, and many depended

on (4)____ to (5)____ , In 1933, at the worst point in the

depression, more than 15 million Americans — one-quarter ef the nation's workforce — were unemployed.

The depression was caused by a number of serious

(6)____ in the economy. Although the 1920s appeared on

the surface to be a (7) __ time, income was unevenly

distributed. The wealthy made large profits, but more and
more Americans spent more than they (8)_____ , and farm­
ers faced low prices and heavy debt. The lingering effects
of World War I caused economic problems in many coun­
tries, as Europe struggled to pay war debts and repara­
tions. These problems (9)____ to the crisis that began the

Great Depression: the (10)_____ U.S. stock market crash

of 1929, which ruined thousands of investors and destroyed

(11) ___ in the economy. Continuing throughout the

1930s, the depression ended in the United States only when

(12) ____ spending for World War II began.

1. A economize C economically
B economy D economic

2. A depend C dependence
B dependent D dependably


 

3. A unemployment C employ
B unemployed D employee

4. A charitable C charity
B charitably D charities

5. A survival C survive
B survived D surviving

6. A weaknesses C weaken
B weak D weakly

 

7. A prosperity C prosperously
B prosperous D prosper

8. A earnings C earning
B earn D earned

9. A contribution C contributed
B contribute D contributing

 

10. A catastrophic C catastrophically
B catastrophe D catastrophist

11. A confidence C confidential
B confide D confidentially

12. A mass C massively

B massiveness D massive

Test 73

Periodicals are publications released on a (1) __

basis that feature articles, poems, stories, and other types of writing. Many periodicals also (2) __ photographs and drawings. Periodicals that are aimed at a general


audience, such as weekly news roundups, are also called

magazines. Those with a more (3) __ audience, such

as publications of (4) ____ organizations, can be termed

journals.

(5)___ , the difference between periodicals and news

papers has been a matter of format, publication sched ule, and content. Most newspapers deal with the news of

the day and are (6)____ daily on pulp paper with relative

ly large, unbound pages. Periodicals focus on more (7)___

material, and when they deal with the news they tend do

so in the form of (8)____ or commentaries. For centurie

periodicals generally (9)____ on finer paper than newspa

pers, with smaller (10)_____ pages, and at intervals long­
er than a day (weekly, every two weeks, monthly, quar­
terly, or even annually).

In the 1990s, with the (11) ___ of the Internet,

publishers began to release newspapers and periodicals on­
line. This development (12) __ the line between the

two forms because the general format of online newspa­
pers and periodicals is (13)___ , and the publication sched­
ule of both forms became more (14)__ . For example.

many newspaper publishers update their online versions throughout the day, and some online periodicals do the same Despite these technological changes, the two forms

differing emphasis in choice of content remains a (15)____

factor.

1. A regularity C regularly
B regular D regulate

2. A inclusion C including
B inclusive D include

3. A narrow C narrowing
B narrowed D narrowness


4. , A scholarly C scholarship

B scholar D scholastic

5. A History C Historic
B Historically D Historical

6. A issue C issued
B issuance D issuing

7. A specialize C specialized
B specialization D specializing

8. A summarize C summaries
B summarizing D summarized

9. A appear C appearing
B appearance D appeared

10. A bind C binding
B bound D binder

11. A growth C grow

B growing D grown

12. A blur C blurry

B blurring D blurred

13. A similarity C similar

B similarly D similize

14. A flex C flexibility

B flexible D flexibly

15. A distinguish C distinguished
B distinguishing D distinguisher


Test 74

Throughout history, people have been (1)_____ by life

underwater, and the Professional Association of Dive In­
structors (2)___ that there are now 6 million active divers

worldwide. They (3)____ in many different types of div­
ing, of which wreck, cave, (4) _____ , and military diving

are just a few. The most common form of diving is sport

diving, or (5)____ diving, which is practiced at depths of

less than 130 ft. From these depths, divers can make a

(6) ___ ascent to the surface. Diving beyond this limit

requires (7) ____ training.

Because popular dive sites such as coral reefs and wrecks

are (8)___ not near land, most diving is done from boats.

In some locations, however, divers can enter the watei
from shore. On a typical outing, the divers decide before­
hand how long they will remain underwater and how (9)__

they will descend. While the divers are underwater, at least one person serves as a spotter by remaining on the boat or on shore. All groups, whether diving from a boat

or from shore, are (10) __ to fly a diver down flag (a

red flag with a white diagonal slash) to alert boaters that people are underwater.

In general, divers seek locations where the water is

clear, the temperatures warm, and the marine life (11)____ .

Divers often choose to visit areas with coral reefs because

they are colourful and (12) __ with life, and provide

shelter for many types of fish. The Caribbean is the most

popular (13) ____ in the world. Parts of the region are

designated as marine parks or sanctuaries. Because they are protected from fishing and other human activity, these locations boast abundant aquatic plant and animal life.

Similar protected areas (14) _____ throughout the world,

and the South Pacific, the Indian Ocean, and the Red Sea are common dive destinations.


 

1. A fascination C fascinated
B fascinating D fascinate

2. A estimating C estimates
B estimation D estimated

3. A engage C engaging
B engagement D engaged

4. A commerce C commercialise
B commercial D commercially

5. A recreation C recreated

B recreate D recreational

6. A straightforward C straightened
B straighten D straight

7. A advance C advancement
B advanced D advancing

8. A typically C typical

B type D typifying

9. A deep C depth

B deeply D deepen

10. A require C requirement

B required D requiring

11. A plenty C plentiful

B plenteously D plentifully

12. A densely C densing

B density D dense


13. A destine C destination
B destined D destiny

14. A exist C existing
B existence D existed

Test 75 |

The Canary Islands or Canaries is the group of is­
lands, the (1)____ region of Spain, in the Atlantic Ocean,

off the north-western coast of Africa, (2)____ the provinces

of Las Palmas and Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Their capitals

are, (3) ___ , Las Palmas on Grand Canary and Santa

Cruz de Tenerife on Tenerife Island; the cities also serve as

dual and (4)____ capitals of the region. The chief islands

of the group, in (5) ____ order of size, are Tenerife,

Fuerteventura, the (6)___ to the African mainland, Grand

Canary, Lanzarote, La Palma, Gomera, and Hierro. In

addition, several barren islets are (7) ______ in the group

The Canary Islands are of volcanic (8)_____ and are noted

for their scenery and mild, dry climate, which makes

them an ideal site for astronomical (9) ____ . Precipitation

(10)___ mainly during the winter season. In areas below.

about 400 m elevation, the (11)_____ is typically northern

African; characteristic (12)____ are the date palm, dragon

tree, and cactus. Growing at higher levels are laurels.
holly, myrtle, eucalyptus, pine, and a variety of flower­
ing plants. Farming and fishing are the principal indus­
tries. The volcanic soil of the Canaries is extremely (13)__ .

The islands have no rivers, however, and severe drought.'

are common; (14)_____ irrigation is therefore a (15)_____

in most cultivable areas. Among important crops are ba­nanas, citrus fruits, sugar cane, peaches, figs, wine

grapes, grain, tomatoes, and potatoes. (16)______ products

include textiles and fine (17)____ . (18)____ is also impor­
tant, and the islands are a (19)__ winter-resort area.


 

1. A autonomy C autonomic
B autonomist D autonomous

2. A comprise C comprisal
B comprised D comprising

3. A respect C respectively
B respective D respecting

4. A alter C altering
B alternative D alteration

5. A descending C descendant
B descend D descender

6. A near C nearest
B next D nearer

7. A included C inclusion
B inclusive D including

8. A originate C origin

B original D originally

9. A observer C observed

B observation D observational

10. A occurrence C occurred
B occurs D occurring

11. A vegetable C vegetables

B vegetation D vegetate

12. A vary C various

B varied D varieties


13. A fertilizer C fertile

B fertilize D fertilized

14. A artificial C artificially
B artificiality D artificials

15. A necessity C necessaries
B necessary D necessarily

16. A Manufacture C Manufactured
B Manufacturing D Manufacturable

17. A embroider C embroiderer
B embroidered D embroideries

18. A Tourist C Tour
B Tourism D Tourer

19. A fashionable C fashionably
B fashion D fashioner


Part Four WORD-BUILDBNG (2)

Directions: Fill in the gaps in the sentences with the adjec­tives derived from the nouns in brackets accord-ing to the model.

Model: Latin is the language of (ancientry) ancient Rome and the (neighbour) neighbouring territory of Latium.

| Test 76 j

Latin is the language of (ancientry) _____ Rome and

the (neighbour)____ territory of Latium. With the spread

of Roman power Latin was carried to every part of the known ancient world and became the (dominancy) ___ tongue of western Europe. It was the language of scholar­ship and diplomacy until the 18th century and of the Roman Catholic liturgy until the late 20th century.

The colloquial speech of (culture) __ Romans ap­
peared in the works of (variety) _____ writers, notably in

the comedies of Plautus and Terence, the letters of Cice­
ro, the Satires and Epistles of Horace, and the Satyricon of
Petronius Arbiter. It is characterized by freedom of syn­
tax, by the presence of (numeration) _ interjections,

and by the (frequency)___ use of Greek words. This (col­
loquialism) ___ speech of polite society is not to be con­
fused with the language of the (poverty)____ and unedu­
cated classes, which shows a greater disregard for syn­
tax, a love of new words, and a striving for simplicity,
especially in word order.

Latin was the language of letters in (west)____ Europe

in the Middle Ages. Even for the people in (generaliza-


tion) ___ , Latin continued to be a living language, be­
cause the church provided a (hugeness)_____ mass of ec­
clesiastical literature in both prose and poetry.

The language, however, underwent many (essence)
___ changes.

The syntax was further simplified, new words were adopted from various sources, and new meanings came into existence; nevertheless, Latin changed far less durint this period than did either French or English.

In the 15th and 16th centuries New Latin, also callec Modern Latin, came into being. The writers of the Ren

aissance produced a new and (brilliancy)_____ Latin liter

ature that was closely (imitation) _____ of Latin classica

writers and especially of Cicero. Almost all books of im

portance, (science) ___ , (philosophy) ___ , and (reli

gion) ___ , were written in Latin at this time, including

the works of the (Holland)_____ scholar Desiderius Eras

mus, the English philosopher Francis Bacon,-and the
English physicist Isaac Newton, and Latin was the medi­
um of diplomatic intercourse among (Europe) _______ na­
tions.

Not until the end of the 17th century did Latin cease

to be an (internationalism)_____ tongue. During the 18th

and 19th centuries, however, it remained the language of
classical school, and even in the 20th century (scholar­
ship) __ treatises are sometimes composed in Latin. The

Roman Catholic church still uses Latin as the language of
its (officiahty) ___ documents.

Test 77

The Newfoundland male is about 71 cm (height)_____

at the shoulder and weighs from 64 to 68 kg; the female stands 66 cm high and its weight is from 50 to 54 kg. The

Newfoundland has a (breadth)____ , massive head; small,

deeply set, dark-brown eyes; small ears lying (closeness)


___ to the head; a deep chest; a (density) ___ water-

resistant double coat, usually dull black in colour; and a

broad (strength) ___ tail.

The feet are large, strong, and webbed, for traversing marshlands and shores. Powerful swimmers, Newfound_ lands are known to have rescued human beings from drown­ing and to have carried lifelines from shore to ships in distress. Today they are used primarily as watchdogs and companions, but they were once used to draw carts and

carry burdens. Because of their being (loyalty) _____ (in

telligence)___ , and (tractability)___ , Newfoundland dogs

are ideal pets.

Directions:Fill in the gaps in the sentences with the adjec­tives derived from the nouns in brackets accord­ing to the model

Model: The epitaph on the tomb of the greatest artist in history summarizes his life (simplicity) simply 'll Divino Michelangelo."

Test 73

The epitaph on the tomb of the greatest artist in histo­
ry summarizes his life (simplicity) ____ : "II Divino

Michelangelo."

Indeed, Michelangelo Buonarroti was held to be di­
vine by his contemporaries — it was the only way to ex-
Dlain his (tremendousness)____ genius. Even though Le­
onardo's Mona Lisa arguably ranks as the millennium's most
recognizable painting, Michelangelo's (totality) _ body
of work — his sculptures, paintings, and frescoes — is

unequalled.

Michelangelo's (popularity)____ fame may rest on the

sculpture masterpiece David and the Sistme Chapel ceil­
ing, but the Italian artist had a (length) _ and (vari-


ant) ___ career. He was born in 1475 in the village of

Caprese and grew up in Florence, which was the art cap­ital of the early Renaissance. His early success came as a sculptor, but he also excelled at painting, architecture and

even poetry. The (fame) _____ dome on the top of Saint

Peter's Basilica in Vatican City is a Michelangelo design.

Michelangelo seemed to thrive on challenge and diffi­
culty in his work. David, perhaps the most famous sculp­
ture in the world, was completed using a block of discard­
ed marble. The artist spent four years (flatness) ______ on

his back (height)____ on a scaffold in the Sistine Chapel

to complete the masterpiece painting on the ceiling. Al­though ceiling paintings were usually considered unimpor­tant and were reserved for figures because of their distance from the viewer, Michelangelo produced biblical scenes ol power and subtlety on the chapel ceiling.

Michelangelo's best work offers a combination of de­
tail and (exquisiteness) _____ beauty that is unmatched

according to art historians. His attention to the (technique,

___ aspects of human anatomy, especially the male nude

is (brilliancy) ____ and (influence) _____ .

The artist's work is also (intellect) _ stimulating

grounded in mythology, religion, and other reference

(Wideness) ___ considered the greatest artist of his owr

time, Michelangelo is still seen as a key to the flowering
of the Renaissance and is the standard against which a!
(subsequence)____ artists are measured.

Test 79

The Internet is the computer-based worldwide infor
mation network. The Internet is composed of a larg.
number of smaller interconnected networks. These net
works may link tens, hundreds, or thousands of comput­
ers, enabling them to share information with each other
and to share various resources, such as (power) ______ su-


percomputers and databases of information. The Internet

has made it (possibility)____ for people all over the world

to (effectiveness) ___ and rather (cheapness) _____ com­
municate with each other.

Unlike (tradition) ____ broadcasting media, such as

radio and television, the Internet is a decentralized sys­tem. Each connected individual can communicate with anyone else on the Internet, can publish ideas, and can sell products.

The Internet has brought new opportunity for busi­nesses to offer goods and services online. In the future, it

may have an (equality)____ dramatic impact on (height)

___ education as more universities offer Internet-based

courses.

In 1989 English computer scientist Timothy Berners-
Lee introduced the World Wide Web. Berners-Lee (ini­
tials) ___ designed the WWW to aid communication be­
tween physicists who were working in different parts of the
world for the European Laboratory for Particle Physics.

As it grew, however, the WWW revolutionized the use

of the Internet. During the early 1990s (increase) _

large numbers of users who were not part of the scientific
or (academy) ____ communities began to use the Inter­
net, due in large part to the ability of the WWW to (easi­
ness) ___ handle multimedia documents. One survey

found that there were 61 million Internet users worldwide at the end of 1996, 148 million at the end of 1998, and an

(estimate)___ 320 million in 2000. Analysts estimate that

more than 700 million people will use the Internet in 2001.

Test 80 [

In the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century the

church suffered an (enormity) ____ blow to its authority.

One man was at the heart of that split: German theologian Martin Luther.


Luther, who was born in 1483, succeeded perhaps

because he attacked the (notoriety)____ corruption of the

medieval Catholic Church from the inside. A priest, Luther began questioning some of Catholicism's main tenets after becoming a professor of theology at the University of Wit­tenberg in 1508.

Although many others had condemned the corruption
of the papacy and the church before, Luther focused his
disputes (direction)____ on certain church doctrines.

(Basis)___ among these was his belief that only God,

not the Catholic Church, could grant redemption from

sin. This conflicted (straightness) _____ with the church's

policy of selling indulgences. The indulgence was a (mon­
etarist) ___ payment that promised the soul's release from

punishment after death for sins committed during a per­
son's lifetime. It was a (popularity) __ and (success)

___ way for the church to raise money. In 1517 Luther

(publicity) ___ attacked this and other church practices

that had become corrupted in his Disputation on the Power

and Efficacy of Indulgences, (commonality)____ known as

the Ninety-Five Theses.

Thanks to the new printing technology of the time,
Luther's writings were (wideness) _____ distributed, dis­
cussed, and debated.

Historians consider his (revolution)____ ideas the sin­
gle most important contribution to the Reformation, a
movement that finally shattered Catholicism's 1,200-year
dominance in Europe and gave rise to Protestantism.

Luther's defiance touched off more than a century of

religious warfare and nurtured an (emergency)___ spirit of

nationalism throughout the continent as governments reject­
ed the authority of Rome and established their own (nation­
ality) ___ churches. In 1534, for example, England's King

Henry VIII passed a law that created an (independence)
___ Church of England, with himself as its head.

Luther was excommunicated in 1521, but he contin-


ued to (violence)____ agitate against the Roman Catholic

Church for the rest of his life. He was also the (principal­
ity) ___ figure behind translating the Bible from the ancient

Hebrew and Greek into German; this translation was impor­tant in opening religious scholarship to those without train­ing in the ancient languages. Luther died in 1546, but his

(influence) ___ heritage lives on in the religious world.

Protestantism stands beside Roman Catholicism and Ortho­doxy as one of the three main divisions of Christianity.

Directions: Fill in the gaps in the sentences with the nouns derived from the adjectives in brackets according to the model.

Model: An iceberg is a (massive) mass of freshwater ...

Test 81 |

An iceberg is a (massive)____ of freshwater ice that is

broken off from a (glacial)_____ or an ice shelf and that

floats in the ocean or in a lake. Ice floats because its
(dense)___ is less than that of water.

A typical iceberg shows only about one-fifth of its total mass above the water; the other four-fifths is submerged.

Icebergs can be large. The largest iceberg ever sighted

was 335 km in (long)____ and 97 km in (wide)____ , about

the size of Belgium. It was seen in November 1956 by the crew of a United States Coast Guard icebreaker in the Ross Sea, off Antarctica. Icebergs pose a (hazardous)

___ to shipping and to offshore (active) ____ in polar and

subpolar waters.

Icebergs can have Thany different forms, depending on

their (original)____ and age. They are usually classified as

tabular, i.e. resembling a flat tabletop, rounded, or ir­regular and present magnificent sights in the polar and subpolar seas.


Icebergs were known to early mariners and (explorato­
ry) ___ and to sealers and whalers who hunted their prey

in the Arctic and Antarctic waters. Beginning in the 20th century, icebergs have been used as stabilized platforms for scientific stations. Some people have suggested towing

icebergs to places where is (scarce)___ of water and melting

them there, but this idea has not yet been implemented.

Directions: Fill in the gaps in the sentences with the nouns derived from the nouns in brackets according to the model

Model: Ted Turner is an American business (execution)

executive ...

Test 82

Ted Turner is an American business (execution)______

and sports (enthusiasm)____ , one of the most influential

television (administration)____ of the late 20th century.

Bom Robert Edward Turner III in Cincinnati, Ohio, he was educated at Georgia Military Academy and Brown University. After his father committed suicide in 1963,

Turner turned out the only heir and his (inheritor) _

was the family billboard-advertising business.

In 1970 he bought a failing television station in Atlanta
and by 1975 Turner had transformed it into the first "super-
station" by transmitting low-cost sports and (entertainer)__

programs via satellite to cable systems throughout the coun­
try. This was a highly profitable (innovator)___ that accel­
erated the spread of cable television nationwide.

In 1980 Turner launched Cable Kews Network (CNN), the first 24-hour television news station. Its live (cover)

___ of fast-breaking news around the world helped it to

become a highly respected news organization, and it even­
tually achieved a global (view)____ .


In 1985 Turner purchased MGM/UA Entertainment Com­
pany, which was the (ownership) ____ of the Metro-Gold-

win-Mayer (MGM) and United Artists (UA) film studios.

Within months Turner sold most of the company, but he retained MGM's massive library of films, which included such classics as Gone With the Wind and The Wizard of Oz.

In 1988 he launched Turner Network Television (TNT), on which many of the movies were shown. In 1996 enter­tainment giant Time Warner acquired Turner Broadcast­ing System (TBS), the parent company for all of Turner's businesses, in a deal valued at $7.6 billion.

The (acquirer)___ made Time Warner the world's larg­
est media and entertainment company. Turner became vice

(chairmanship) ___ of Time Warner's board of directors and

head of the (divider)___ containing TBS businesses.

In 1997 Turner pledged to donate $1 billion to the
United Nations, one of the largest single charitable (do­
nor) ___ in history. He designated the money for UN

humanitarian causes. Turner is also the (foundation)______

of the Goodwill Games, a quadrennial international sports

(competitor) ___ . His generous (sponsor) _____ is known

to many companies.

Directions: Fill in the gaps in the sentences with the nouns derived from the verbs in brackets according to the model.

Model: In the history of American (entertain) entertain­ment no subject has been more popular than . .

Test 83

In the history of American (entertain)____ , no subject

has been more popular than the Civil War. Whether in novels, television shows, or movies, some of the most be-


loved and durable works of popular culture have used the

war as a point of (refer) ____ , (depart)____ , or focus. But

no work about the Civil War has attained the place of Gone With the Wind. It first won praise as a novel by Margaret Mitchell. Born in Atlanta, Georgia, Mitchell grew up

among (relate) ____ who had first-hand memories of the

war and the 1864 (invade)___ that burned their city to the

ground. After a brief, disastrous (marry) _____ , she began

supporting herself by writing for an Atlanta newspaper.

Ailing from a (vary)____ of ills that plagued her until

her (die)___ in 1950, Mitchell retired from journalism in

the mid-1920s and began writing her novel. She refused repeated requests to show her manuscript to a curious (edit)

___ when he visited Atlanta on a scouting trip in 1935.

But when an (acquaint)____ expressed surprise that Mitch­
ell was capable of writing fiction, she angrily presented it to
the agent as he was about to leave the city. He read the
novel on a train, and knowing he had discovered a classic,
he offered Mitchell a book contract. Published in June 1936.
Gone With the Wind became an instant publishing phenom­
enon. It sold 50,000 copies in one day, a million within si\
months, and an average of 3700 copies a day for the rest of
the year. In 1937 the novel won the Pulitzer Prize for fic­
tion. By 1997 it had sold approximately 30 million copies,
periodically returning to the best-seller list.

Even before the book was released there was a feverish
fight for the movie rights. David O. Selznick, a Holly­
wood mogul who had recently created his own studio, paid
Mitchell $50,000, an astounding amount for that time.
But despite Selznick's wishes, Mitchell refused to write a
script or to have anything at all to do with the film's (pro­
duce) ___ .

Making of the film version, which took more than three
years,was an epic in itself. Technical difficulties abound­
ed, and editing of enormous amounts of film footage slowed
the process. In (add) __ , Selznick's (perfect) _____ led


him to use three different directors. Shooting began before the script was even complete.

Gone With the Wind premiered in Atlanta on Decem­ber 15, 1939. The film became an even bigger (succeed)

___ than the book and won nine Oscars, including Best

picture.

By the 1970s an estimated 90 percent of the American public had seen the film in a theatre or on television.

Directions: Fill in the gaps in the sentences with the verbs derived from the nouns in brackets according to the model.

Model: Today it is generally (recognition) recognized that...

Test 84

Today it is generally (recognition) _____ that Italian-
Spanish navigator Christopher Columbus did not "(dis­
covery) _ " the Americas, which were already (inhabit­
ancy) __ by native peoples. However, he did (instiga­
tion) ___ the European exploration of these lands at the

end of the 15th century. This single act of courage and skill, thought foolish or suicidal by many at the time, set in motion global population shifts and advances in human knowledge that profoundly changed history. Europeans

(finding) ___ a new land to inhabit and (exploitation)

.__ ; however, Columbus's discovery also began a clash of

cultures that (proof)____ disastrous for the aboriginal peo­
ples of the Americas.

Based on his studies of contemporary maps and accounts, as well as on his sea travels to various European ports,

Columbus (belief) ___ that he could reach East Asia —

what he called "the Indies" — by sailing west from Europ







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