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Adaptation and compensation.
1. A young male complains of diminishing leg muscles in size and volume as a result of the complicated femoral fracture. The innervations of the muscles was not lost. Name the type of atrophy?
A. *Disuse atrophy
B. Degeneration atrophy
C. Ischemic atrophy
D. Atrophy due to compression
E. Atrophy due to chemical and physical influence.
2. At autopsy a male is found to have big kidneys with marked dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces filled with transparent liquid. A thinning of the renal parenchyma accompanied above lesions. Which is the most likely finding?
A. *Hydronephrosis
B. Glomerulonephritis
C. Amyloidosis
D. Tuberculosis
E. Pyelonephritis
3. An autopsy of an elderly male revealed the atherosclerosis of the brain arteries accompanied with the thinning of the brains cortex. Name the cause of the atrophy?
A. *Ischemia
B. Compression
C. Chemical and physical factors
D. Loss of innervations
E. Decreased workload
4. A 62-yer-old male died at the hospital after developing heart failure. At autopsy the weight of the heart was 500gm, with thickened right ventricular wall and dilated chamber. Name the alteration at the right ventriculum.
A. *Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasic alteration due to inflammation
C. Metaplasia
D. Atrophy
E. Sclerosis
5. A young male presents with a large and lacerated wound covered with pus. The peripheral zone of the tissue defect was filled with large amount of granulation tissue. Name the type of healing?
A. *Healing by first intention
B. Healing by second intention
C. Healing under a scab
D. Covering a tissue defect with epithelial cells
E. Organization followed by scarring
6. An autopsy revealed marked enlargement of a kidney. Gross examination of a kidney’s section presented with dilation of both renal pelvis and calyces resulted from renal stones. What from diagnoses is most faithful?
A. *Hydronephrosis
B. Simple cysts
C. Pyelonephritis
D. Benign nephrosclerosis
E. Polycystic kidney disease
7. A physical investigation of an elderly man with history of esophagus cancer with stenosis but without metastasis revealed an atrophy of skeletal muscles and subcutaneous fat tissue. Skin was grayish-brown color, an epidermis was thinned, and size of the heart decreased. Myocardium and liver also had a brown coloring. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. *Alimentary cachexia.
B. Myasthenia.
C. Cancer cachexy
D. Brown atrophy.
E. The Addisona Illness
8. At the man with long history of smoking the bronchial biopsy is taken. Microscopical investigation showed the thickened mucous membrane with chronic inflammation and transformation of ciliated epithelium into stratified one. What pathology such changes are characteristic for?
A. *Metaplasia
B. Hyperplasia of epithelium
С. Planocellular cancer
D. Leukoplakia
E. Hypertrophy of epithelium
9. A patient with a history of frequent hemorrhoid bleeding died of acute myocardial infarction. A post-mortem revealed a red, succulent bone marrow of a hip diaphysis. What pathology developed in a bone marrow?
A. *Compensatory hyperplasia
B. Vicarious hypertrophy
C. Hypertrophy excrescences
D. Hormonal hyperplasia
E. Work hypertrophy
10. A 59-year-old patient with a history of prostate glandular hyperplasia operated in the urology. An operation revealed a thickening of a urinary bladder wall up to 1 cm. It may be caused by:
A. *Work hypertrophy
B. Vicarious hypertrophy
C. Hormonal hypertrophy
D. Hormonal hyperplasia
E. Protective hyperplasia
11. A 7-year-old child presented with a poliomyelitis. His somatic muscles are weak, their volume is reduced, and skin is dry and pale. Choose the most likely pathology, which takes place in the soft tissues?
A. *Atrophy.
B. Hypertrophy.
C. Hyperplasia.
D. Metaplasia.
E. Hypoplasia.
12. An elderly man with a long history of smoking presented with a cough accompanied by viscid mucous sputum, weakness after the insignificant physical activity and pale color of the skin. He lost 12,0 kg of weight for the last two months. Microscopical investigation of endoscopic biopsy showed squamous cell carcinoma. What pathology preceded the tumor formation?
A. *Metaplasia.
B. Hypoplasia.
C. Hyperplasia.
D. Necrosis.
E. Sclerosis.
13. A 48-year-old patient with a history of a hypertensive disease died of heart failure. An autopsy revealed an enlarged heart with dilated chambers. A thickness of the left ventricle wall was 2,5cm. Microscopically myocardial cells were considerably enlarged, with fatty dystrophy and hyperchromic barrel-shaped nuclei. What is the most likely pathology diagnosed in a heart?
A. *Excentric hypertrophy
B. Myocarditis
C. Concentric hypertrophy
D. Angiogenic cardiosclerosis
E. Cardiomyopathy
14. A 60-year-old man has a history of chronic bronchitis. Histological investigation of bronchus biopsy showed thinned mucous membrane, cystic transformation of mucous glands, and replacement of prismatic epithelium on stratified one. What of the listed pathological processes the most likely?
A. * Metaplasia.
B. Hyperplasia.
C. Heterotopia.
D. Heteroplasia.
E. Displasia.
15. Microscopical investigation of tissue from the edge of a chronic gastric ulcer showed necrosis, granulation tissue, abundant development of connective tissue and metaplasia of epithelium. What type of pathology takes place in that case?
A. *Pathological regeneration with disorder of phases.
B. Hypertrophy.
C. Physiology regeneration.
D. Reparative regeneration (substitution).
E. Reparative regeneration (restitution).
16. At a patient with a chronic cystitis biopsy of urinary bladder mucosa was taken. Microscopical investigation revealed a transitional epithelium with foci of stratified epithelium without keratinization. What process underlies the described changes in an epithelium?
A. *Metaplasia
B. Dystrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Dysplasia
E. Hyperkeratosis
17. After traumatic damage of a liver, subsequently there was complete hepatic structural and functional restoration. Name the type of regeneration?
A. *Restitution
B. Incomplete regeneration
C. Pathological regeneration
D. Physiological regeneration
E. Substitution
18. At a patient with chronic bronchitis biopsy of bronchus mucous membrane was taken. Microscopical investigation revealed the areas of stratified epithelium without keratinization. What pathology takes place in the mucous membrane of bronchus?
A. *Metaplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Dysplasia
E.
19. A 42-year-old woman presented to the gynecologist with acyclic, profuse hemorrhagic discharge. A histological investigation of a curettage material revealed increased quantity of glands and their cystic dilation. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. * Endometrial hyperplasia
B. Endometrial atrophy
C. Endometrial hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
E. Organization
20. A post-mortem of a 64-year-old woman with a long story of hypertensive disease revealed considerably diminished, dense kidneys with a fine-grained surface. What pathology such changes are characteristic for?
A. * Blood insufficiency atrophy
B. Atrophy from pressure
C. Senile atrophy
D. Dysfunctional atrophy
E. Hypoplasia
21. An elderly man died of cardiac insufficiency. Twenty years ago he had the right lung pulmonectomy because of a cyst. A post-mortem revealed an enlarged left lung. Diagnose pathology in the left lung.
A. *Vicarious hypertrophy
B. Neurohumoral hypertrophy
C. Dysfunctional atrophy
D. Dyscirculatory atrophy
E. Neurotic atrophy
22. A 42-year-old man had a lower extremity amputation. After a while painful knots appeared in a stump. Microscopical investigation revealed amputation neuromas. What pathology such changes are characteristic for?
A. *Pathological regeneration
B. Complete reparative regeneration
C. Inflammation
D. Incomplete reparative regeneration
E. Metaplasia
23. A 38-year-old woman presented with complaints about the frequent uterine bleeding. The diagnostic curettage was performed. A histological investigation of a curettage material revealed increased quantity of coiled glands, some of them were with cystic dilation. What pathology these changes are characteristic for?
A. *Glandular-cystic hyperplasia.
B. Atrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia
E. Hypertrophic vegetations
24. A man had the right lung pulmonectomy because of a tumor 7 years ago. Then the volume of the left lung increased on 40%. What process developed in the left lung?
A. *Vicarious hypertrophy
B. Neurohumoral hypertrophy
C. False hypertrophy
D. Work hypertrophy
E. Hypertrophic vegetation
25. A histological investigation of an endometrium revealed coiled extended glands with ‘saw-’ and a ‘spin-like’ pattern. A stromal proliferation with hyperplasia of its cells was also determined. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. * Glandular hyperplasia of endometrium
B. Acute endometritis
C. Leiomyoma
D. Hydatidiform mole
E. Placental polyp
26. A patient presented with small knots on a thin peduncle in his rectum. Microscopical investigation of the biopsy material revealed a growth of connective tissue and glands. What is the most likely pathology?
A. *Hyperplastic polyp.
B. Hypertrophy.
C. Metaplasia.
D. Atrophy.
E. Sclerosis.
27. The biopsy of central bronchus mucosa of miner is taken. Microscopically, there is a transformation of a cylindrical epithelium to the mature stratified one. What pathology such changes are characteristic for?
А.* Metaplasia
В. Hyperplasia
C. Leucoplakia
D. Dysphasia
E. Reparative regeneration
28. The biopsy of a vaginal portion of uterus cervix is taken. There is an augmentation of quantity of cells, rising of mitotic activity and alteration of polarity of cells in basal part of an epithelial layer. What pathology such changes are characteristic for?
A.* Dysphasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Acantosis
E. Hyperplasia
29. A 40-year-old man has a keloid scar after a treatment of the left arm burn. This process may be an example of:
A. *Pathologic regeneration
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Reparative regeneration
E. Vicarious hypertrophy
30. A 70-years-old patient admitted to a hospital with acute lung abscess. He suddenly died of progressing cardiopulmonary failure shortly after admission. An autopsy revealed an enlargement of mediastinal lymph nodes. They were pink-reddish and elastic. A spleen was enlarged and flabby with plentiful scrape of a pulp. What was the cause of lymph node and spleen’s alterations?
A. *Protective hyperplasia
B. Compensatory hypertrophy
C. Hormonal hyperplasia
D. Venous congestion
E. Purulent inflammation
31. A 70-year-old patient had a surgery due to severe prostatic hyperplasia. A surgery revealed a thickening of urinary bladder’s wall up to one cm. What is the most likely cause of this thickening?
A. *Workload hypertrophy
B. Vicarious hypertrophy
C. Hormonal hypertrophy
D. Hormonal hyperplasia
E. Compensatory hypertrophy
32. A patient with a long history of the chronic cystitis had a cystoscopy and biopsy was performed. Histological examination of biopsy material revealed chronic cystitis and foci of transitional epithelium replaced by squamous - cell non - keratinized epithelium. These foci were the manifestations of:
A. *Metaplasia
B. Degeneration
C. Hyperplasia
D. Dysplasia
E. Hyperkeratosis