 |
|
APPLICATION 1. LINKING WORDS
Linking words are used to link ideas when writing. They enable the writing to flow from one idea to the next in a logical and cohesive way. There are three main types of linking words:
· conjunctions;
· sentence connectors;
· subordinators.
Conjunctions are the most common form of linking words. They are used to join two parts of a sentence together and are generally in the middle of a sentence. There are seven co-ordinating conjunctions: and, but, so, or, for, nor, yet.
Sentence connectors are used to link ideas from one sentence to the next and to give paragraphs coherence. Sentence connectors perform different functions and are placed at the beginning of a sentence. They are used to introduce, order, contrast, sequence ideas, theory, data etc.
Logical / sequential order
· First/firstly, second/ secondly, thirdly, etc.
· In the first place
· At present / presently
· Next, last, finally/lastly
· In addition, moreover
· Further / furthermore
· Also
· In addition
· Another
· In conclusion
· To summarise/to sum up
· All in all
Order of importance
· Most / more importantly
· Most significantly
· Above all
· Primarily
· It is essential / essentially
Contrast
· However
· On the other hand
· On the contrary
· In contrast
· Nevertheless
· Nonetheless
· Still
· Although / even though
· Though
· But
· Yet
· Despite / in spite of
· In contrast (to) / in (by) comparison
· While
· Whereas
Result
· As a result
· As a consequence (of)
· Therefore
· Thus
· Consequently
· Hence
· So
· Due to
Comparison
· Similarly
· Likewise
· Also
· Reason
· The cause of
· The reason for
· Like
· Just as
· Just like
· Similar to
· Same as
· Compare
· compare(d) to / with
· Not only...but also
Introduce pros/cons
· The main/first/most important advantage/disadvantage is
· An additional/one/another advantage/disadvantage is
Example
· For example
· For instance
· That is (i.e.)
· Such as
· Including
· Namely
· Like
· In particular
Reason
· For
· Because
· Since
· As
· Because of
Emphasis
· Undoubtedly
· Indeed
· Obviously
· Generally
· Admittedly
· In fact
· Particularly / in particular
· Especially
· Clearly
· Importantly
Addition
· And
· In addition / additionally / an additional
· Furthermore
· Also
· Too
· As well as
Subordinators are linking words that are used to join clauses together. They are used at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. A clause is a group of words that must contain a subject and predicate. There are two types of clauses:
· independent clauses - these can stand alone as a sentence by themselves;
· dependent clauses - these make no sense by themselves.
Comparison & Contrast
· Although
· Though
· Even though
· While
· Whereas
Cause / effect
· Since
· So that
· Because
· Time
· After
· When
· Until
· Whenever
· Before
Possibility
· if
· as if
· whether
· unless
Place & manner
· Wherever
· Where
· How