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A. Complete the sentences with Gerund, Participle I or Participle II of the verbs given according to the sense. Mark them as G., P I, P II.
1. In ancient cities, wastes were (throw) onto un+(pave) streets and roadways, where they were (leave) to accumulate.
2. It was not until 320 BCE in Athens that the first (know) law (forbid) this practice was (establish).
3. In ancient Rome, property owners were responsible for (clean) the streets (front) their property.
4. But (organize) waste collection was (associate) only with (state-sponsor) events such as parades.
5. Disposal methods were very crude, (involve) open pits (locate) just outside the cities.
B Transform the following verbs into nouns. Make collocations with them. Translate the collocations in Russian.
solve protect collect environ dispose manage employ treat convey assess administrate
C Choose the correct preposition.
1. At that time a system ….. waste removal began to evolve …. Greece and … the Greek-dominated cities …. the eastern Mediterranean.
2. Improper disposal …. municipal solid waste can create unsanitary conditions, and these conditions …. turn can lead ….. pollution … the environment and … outbreaks … vector-borne disease—that is, diseases spread … rodents and insects.
3. Proper solid-waste collection is important … the protection … public health, safety, and environmental quality.
4. It is a labour-intensive activity, accounting …. approximately three-quarters … the total cost … solid-waste management.
5. Public employees are often assigned ….. the task, but sometimes it is more economical …. private companies to do the work ……contract to the municipality or …. private collectors to be paid …. individual home owners.
6. Once collected, municipal solid waste may be treated .. order … reduce the total volume and weight …material that requires final disposal.
7. Treatment changes the form … the waste and makes it easier to handle.
8. The quantity …. waste produced is lesser in Indian cities as compared … the developed countries, because ….the poverty and the way … living.
9. The composition and characteristics ….. municipal solid waste is not same throughout the world and even … the same country it changes … place … place and time … time.
10. It depends …. the living standard, social customs, location … a place, climate and weather conditions etc.
Vocabulary work
A Match the words with their definitions.
| 1. disposal | a. having the constituent parts so compact, or so firmly adhering, as to resist the impression or penetration of other bodies; having a fixed form; hard; firm; compact |
| 2. infestation | b. the act or means of getting rid of something |
| 3. community | c. capable of being resolved into constituent elements. |
| 4. solid | d. a group of people living in a particular local area; |
| 5. decomposable | e. the state of being invaded or overrun by parasites |
Text work
A Translate the following collocations into Russian and make sentences with them.
| 1. immediate danger | 5. developing countries |
| 2. substantial harm | 6. household refuse |
| 3. cause damage | 7. offensive odours |
| 4. non-hazardous solid waste | 8. temporary storage |