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A. Complete the sentences with Gerund, Participle I or Participle II of the verbs given according to the sense. Mark them as G., P I, P II.
1. Around 90% of wastewater (produce) globally remains untreated, (cause) widespread water pollution, especially in low-income countries.
2. Ancient Egyptians practiced Basin irrigation (use) the flooding of the Nile to inundate land plots which had been (surround) by dykes.
3. The Ancient Nubians developed a form of irrigation by (use) a waterwheel-like device (call) a sakia. 4. 4. Environmental impacts of irrigation stem from the (change) hydrological conditions (owe) to the installation and operation of the scheme.
5. The (increase) groundwater recharge stems from the unavoidable deep percolation losses (occur) in the irrigation scheme.
B Transform the following verbs into nouns. Make collocations with them. Translate the collocations in Russian.
involve know improve supply differ provide compare obtain distribute apply move
C Choose the correct preposition.
1. Irrigation is used to assist … the growing ….agricultural crops, maintenance … landscapes, and revegetation …. disturbed soils … dry areas and ……… periods ……. inadequate rainfall.
2. …. the middle …. the 20th century, the advent …diesel and electric motors led, …. the first time, …….systems that could pump groundwater …. … major aquifers.
3. A waterwheel-like device largerly depended …. the flood waters that would flow ……the Nile River and other rivers in what is now the Sudan.
4. However, water scarcity is already a critical constraint … farming …. many parts …..the world.
5. Arid regions frequently suffer …… physical water scarcity.
6. The downstream drainage water quality may deteriorate owing …. leaching ….salts, nutrients, herbicides and pesticides.
7. Irrigation adds … the general wealth …. the country … increasing the amount …. its agricultural products.
8. It results …. the conversion … barren and desert lands ……. delightful homes, and aids … the general development …. the other resources … the region in which it is practiced, as mining, lumbering, grazing, etc.
9. One of the great advantages …. irrigation is that it becomes practically an insurance …. the production ….crops.
10. Arable soils may be divided ….. four general classes with respect …. their origin
Vocabulary work
A Match the words with their definitions.
| 1. sufficient | a. produced or modified by human skill and labor, in opposition to natural |
| 2. excessive | b. containing or characterized by an uncomfortable amount of atmospheric warmth and moisture |
| 3. humid | c. beyond normal limits |
| 4. artificial | d. of a quantity that can fulfill a need or requirement but without being abundant |
| 5. precipitation | e. a deposit on the earth of hail, mist, rain, sleet, or snow; also, the quantity of water deposited. |
Text work
A Translate the following collocations into Russian and make sentences with them.
| 1. drainage systems | 5. arid regions |
| 2. available water supply | 6. humid regions |
| 3. treated wastewater | 7. natural precipitation |
| 4. desalinated water | 8. important advantages |