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Факультет: биологический



 

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Группа №

 

Дата выполнения:

 

Проверила: к.ф.н. доцент Корнилецкая Н.С.

 

 

Саранск 2013


Чтобы правильно выполнить задание, необходимо усвоить ряд разделов курса английского языка.

 

1. Видовременные формы глагола:

 

а) активная форма the Active Voice, формы Continuous (Present, Past, Future), формы Perfect (Present, Past, Future);

b) пассивная форма the Passive Voice, формы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future). Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций на русский язык.

 

2. Модальные глаголы: а) модальные глаголы, выражающие возможность can (could), may, эквивалент глагола can – to be able; б) модальный глагол, выражающий долженствование must, его эквиваленты to have to, to be to.

 

3. Простые неличные формы глагола. Причастие – Participle I (Present Participle), Participle II (Past Participle) – в функциях определения и обстоятельства.

 

4.Определительные и дополнительные придаточные предложения (союзные), придаточные обстоятельственные предложения времени и условия.

 

5.Словообразование – основные словообразовательные префиксы и суффиксы.

 


 

 

Образец выполнения упражнения I

 

1. Lilacs reached America in early colonial time. Сирень обыкновенная появилась в Америке в ранний период колониализма.  
Reached – Past Indefinite Active от глагола to reach.

 

 

Образец выполнения упражнения II

 

1. Leaves falling from the trees form a layer of humus over the soil. Листья, падающие с деревьев, образуют в почве слой перегноя.  
Falling – Participle I, определение, переводится причастием.  
2. When taken young, the bear is easily tamed. Если медведь взят детенышем, то его легко приручить.  
(When) taken – Participle II, обстоятельство, переводится придаточным предложением.
З. Many fish and bottom creatures in the reef waters are armed with dangerous teeth.   Многие рыбы и живые существа, живущие в рифах, имеют острые зубы.
(Are) armed – Participle II, составная часть глагола-сказуемого в Present Indefinite Passive от глагола to arm.

 


 

ВАРИАНТ 1 (для 101)

 

I. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Обратите внимание на особенности перевода пассивных конструкций.

 

1 The Cenozoic era has brought about less change in plants than in animals.

2. Trees are continually shedding leaves, twigs, limbs, and bark.

3. The heart of a bird has two complete auricles and two complete ventricles.

4. There are a few weeks in a year during which migration is not taking place.

5. Muscle tissue is characterized by cells that are highly contractile.

6. A substance called adrenalin was isolated from the adrenal glands.

7. A scientific approach to the subject of endocrinology was not made until just before 1900.

 

II. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните Participle I, Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, будет ли оно определением, обстоятельством или составной частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите их на русский язык.

 

1. Each plant making up lichen plays its special part in the life of the whole.

2. The leaves, having no growth tissue, are secondary structures, and fall when the supply of heat and moisture fails.

3. Since early times the popularity of the lilac has steadily increased, for it is an unusually attractive and reliable shrub that flowers splendidly.

4. When collecting in damp woods in the summer time we occasionally find on fallen trees or old stumps delicate whitish masses of slimy, naked protoplasm. These are slime molds in the active condition.

5. Fossils indicate that animal life similar to that of the present day was developing.

 

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент.

 

1. Animal cells can make fat molecules out of sugars, but no animal cell can construct an amino acid.

2. The flower containing the pistil must also have the stamens removed before they are mature.

3. After growing clover for the farm animals the farmer is able to grow a good crop of wheat the next year in the same fields and he may not put any nitrogen fertilizer in the soil.

4. Climate varies from year to year. Phenomenally warm seasons may occur at intervals. Such variations affect animal and plant life to a remarkable degree, and, vice versa, effects may be produced on climate by life itself.

5. Land plants have to have open stomata to admit carbon dioxide.

6. Plants must get other things from the soil, especially potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus, if they are to thrive.

 

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Выполните реферирование на русском языке.

 

SOME BRITISH WILD FLOWERS

 

In nature, it is often the humblest and most common plants which are of the greatest interest. The coltsfoot, for example, is hailed with delight by all out-door naturalists as a herald of the approaching spring. The flowers of the coltsfoot appear before the leaves and the plant bursts into flower very suddenly. The delicate looking flower of celandine is indeed a general favorite and was praised in verse many times.

These are the two plants commonly looked for at the beginning of the year, although they are not the earliest of all. The snowdrop and winter aconite may be found in the later weeks of January. The former it is unnecessary to describe, and the winter aconite is a yellow flower and when in bud, the flower is protected by a whorl of deeply divided green leaves. The golden sepals vary in number from five to eight flowers. This plant is very closely related to the rose.

The yellow crocus is in flower in early February. The flowers open only when it is shining, and may close many times during the day. In a spring glade, the yellow flowers of the crocus make a very beautiful picture indeed.

The wood anemone or "wildflower" is another favorite whose humble appearance is not bar to its popularity. It is found in woods. The wildflower stands higher than primroses, and white is the predominating color in the clearings when someone regards their massed companionship from a distance.

The wanderer in the countryside will find comparatively few plants in flower in early spring. The number of wild flowers in bloom grows rapidly as the spring advances. There seem to be some relations between sunshine and color in the plant world. In the early spring the blue and white flowers are the earliest, while the sun gains in heat and light the yellows and reds begin to predominate.

A more or less converse order is observed when one is travelling towards the Poles. It is interesting to reflect on the fact that yellow is the most primitive of the colors, with white as the next stage. Red came next in the world – white flowers, like the daisy, often have a red tinge to their petals, after red came blue. No primitive flower possesses this hue, so that the humble violet or forget-me-not may be said to have reached a higher stage in color development than the stately daffodil.

 

V. Прочтите 1-й абзац текста к данный ниже вопрос. Из приведенных ответов укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ.

 

Why is the coltsfoot hailed with delight by all out-door naturalists?

 

1. ... because it is a herald of the approaching spring.

2. ... because it has reached a higher stage in color development.


 

ВАРИАНТ 2* (для 102)

I. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждой глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Обратите внимание на особенности перевода пассивных конструкций.

 

1. Have you ever heard about the tissue of a chicken heart that was kept alive and beating in a laboratory for twenty years?

2. When young people kiss under the mistletoe they are merely carrying on the age-long way of expressing joy at the sun`s return, and many other legends.

3. If we haven`t eaten much for two or three days, there are fewer food molecules in the blood.

4. He was going home to a warm cottage, but he knew that many animals had just started out on their nightly hunt.

5. All metabolic reactions are made possible by special types of proteins called enzymes.

6. By the end of the Age of Fishes the land was covered with tree-fern forests.

7. Snowy owls are most often seen along seacoasts and lake shores.

 

II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, подчеркните Participle I, Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, будет ли оно определением, обстоятельством или составной частью глагола-сказуемого.

 

1. The oxygen used up in the respiration of plants and animals is restored through the process of photosynthesis.

2.When we go out we add a thick overcoat, giving ourselves another layer of air, and so keeping nice and snug.

3. The big, round, flat floating lily pads represent the pond`s most important “community centers”.

4. Food doesn`t go along the digestive tract unchanged.

5. Capillaries are the tubes with walls of one-celled thickness, allowing digested food and oxygen to pass directly into the cells.

 

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент.

 

1. Just as on land, homes in the water world may be exposed or out of sight.

2.When we run about more, our bodies get warmer, so the air between out clothes gets warmer, and we have to strip off our outer layers to cool off a bit.

3. When first born, the baby hedgehog is not able to see anything, it is blind.

4. This winter solstice may not seem important to us who know that after the snow comes spring as the sun rises higher daily in the sky.

5. The prickly cactus which can live three years without water is used as fodder for hungry desert livestock.

6. The amphibians began to spend more and more time on land, but they still had to lay their soft eggs in the water.

 

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Выполните реферирование на русском языке.

FOOD - GETTING

In this chapter the ways of food-getting will be spoken of and you will be given a few examples of different food-getting.

In order to provide the necessary energy for growth and to carry on life's activities, food must be taken in or eaten. This process is known as ingestion.

In the discussion of the adaptations of plant cells it was noted that the cells are provided with structures called chloroplasts which help in the manufacture of food within the green plant. But it must be taken notice of that it is only in the green parts of the plant, the leaves and stems, that this food-making takes place.

Green plants in presence of light are able to take in the gas, called carbon dioxide, from the air, combine it chemically with water and dissolved minerals from the soil to produce their food. This food manufacturing process is known as photosynthesis.

Animals are unable to do this. They secure their food either directly or indirectly from outside sources. Animals are adapted by nature to ingest food either directly into the cell, as in the case of very simple forms, or into the body parts which prepare the food for all the cells to use.

For example, one of the simplest, one-celled animals, the amoeba actually surrounds its food with its flowing, ever changing protoplasmic structure.

The butterfly takes in food by uncoiling a long tube-like structure, inserting in into the nectar container of a flower and sipping gently as through a straw.

The frog is an example of another type of food-getting. He sits quietly on a leaf or log and waits for a flying insect to approach. When the unwary insect is within reach, the frog's long, cleft tongue darts out, and instantly the prey is caught and directed into his mouth.

Animals higher in the scale of life are well adapted to move around to choose, secure and to bring food to the "mouth" or part, of the body which first takes in food.

 

V. Из приведенных вариантов укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ.

 

The food-making takes place . . . of the plant.

 

1. . . . in all parts . . .

2. . . . only in the roots . . .

3. . . . only in the green parts . . .

 


 

ВАРИАНТ 3 (для 103)

 

1. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждой глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Обратите внимание на особенности перевода пассивных конструкций.

 

1. All living things are characterized by the presence of a complex mixture called protoplasm.

2. By June many of these insects will have left the water, as they only spend their early stages in it.

3. We have already seen how some of the proteins make it possible for the blood to clot.

4. Your cat's eyes will not be seen on a dark night unless you shine a light in their direction because they glow only by reflected light.

5. We thought we were not feeding the hedgehogs properly so we added cod-liver oil and fine chopped worms to the warm milk.

6. The sparrows had gone to bed, and the long lines of starlings had flown to their roost ten miles away in a wood.

7. Several kinds of animals were domesticated by the late Stone Age.

 

II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, подчеркните Participle I, Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, будет ли оно определением, обстоятельством или составной частью глагола-сказуемого.

 

1. There appeared a hedgehog, and he passed a few feet away, crossing the now motorless road.

2. The digested food passes into the cells lining the inside of the intestine.

3. Protoplasm was first recognized as a living substance by the French zoologist Dujardin in 1835.

4. What you are and what you do is really the result of all your various kinds of cells working together.

5. Protoplasm is always changing, taking in different kinds of chemicals, giving off others.

 

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол и его эквивалент.

 

1. Many characteristics of protoplasm may be studied in living organisms of small size.

2. Just as you don't have to think in order to breathe, you don't have to think to digest.

3. The amphibians stayed alive because they could use their legs to walk to another spot where there was some water left.

4. To carry out its functions the blood has to be made to circulate throughout the body.

5. All forms of animals must digest food, because most forms of food are insoluble and therefore cannot pass through the walls of digestive tract into the blood stream.

6. Perhaps you have wondered how fish and frogs are able to get along with such small undeveloped brains.

 

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Выполните реферирование на русском языке.

 

THE FISHLIKE MAMMALS

 

Whales and dolphins are often referred to as fish because they live in water and somewhat resemble fish in their appearance. They are true mammals, however, and the young are born alive and nourished by milk just as are the young of mammals on land.

The study of the dolphins’ behavior, for example, has its philosophical aspect, as well as the purely practical results. The dolphins possess a well-developed brain, communication signs, and a complex pattern congregation, which leads some researchers to declare that the dolphins are on a par with humans in intellectual development, or are even more advanced than man, whereas others maintain that these cetaceans are ordinary animals, which respond well to experiments. This leads to the argument about the philosophical criteria of intelligence, about the variety of expressions of intelligence, about the stages in the development of consciousness, about the possibility of man making contact with some other section of the animal kingdom, and about the responsibility this places on human beings.

What are whales noted for? These largest animals are famous for their spouting. They breathe through the nostrils that are located at the top of the head. About once every half-hour they must come up for air. As soon as their nostrils are out of the water, the whales expel the old air from their lungs with great force. As the moist, warm air is thrown upward it condenses and thus bears some resemblance to small geysers. Water is not taken into the whales' lungs at any time hence the spouting is not expulsion of water as is commonly supposed. After whales have spouted and inhaled a supply of fresh air, they usually return below the surface of water.

Each year thousands of whales are killed for their oil. Whaling has for years been a profitable business in some parts of the world, and special ships known as whaling vessels are used for the purpose. After a whale is killed, the blubber and flesh will be sawed into chunks. The chunks will then be taken into a rendering plant to be turned into oil. Formerly, this work was done on the whaling vessels, but now it is done in rendering plants located on the shore near the whaling areas or on special boats that accompany whaling fleets.

 

V. Из приведенных вариантов укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ.

 

What are whales noted for?

 

1. Their young are born alive and nourished by milk.

2. They are famous for their spouting.

3. Their nostrils are located at the top of the head.


 

2. ПРОЧИТАТЬ:

**По материалам О.В. Наумовой (ИЯз РАН)







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