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Words to be memorized
Nouns: fever, lung, chest, stomachache, weakness, sweating, expectoration. Verbs: to involve, to set in, to complicate, to last, to consist, to administer, to remain.
Adjectives: entire, frequent, chief=main, bloody, nutritious, common.
Other words: abruptly, chiefly.
Read correctly
Pneumonia [nju'mounja]; upper respiratory [‘respireteri] infection; empyema [empai'i:ma]; otitis media [o'taitis 'mi:dia]; mastoiditis [mastdi'daitis]; sputum ['spju:tum]; whooping cough ['hupin. 'kof].
Exercises
I. Answer the following questions:
I. What kind of disease is pneumonia? 2. In what seasons does it occur? 3. What are the chief predisposing factors to this disease? 4. What are the main symptoms of pneumonia? 5. How long does it last? 6. Are there any complications after pneumonia? 7. What is the commonest complication? 8. What does the treatment of pneumonia consist of? 9. What medicine
is prescribed for pneumonia? 10. What procedures are administered for severe cases of pneumonia? 11. When are vitamins given to the pneumonia patient? 12. What diseases are complicated by pneumonia?
II. Ask your friend yes/no questions:
The position of the sick child must be changed frequently; the room should be aired frequently; the sick child should be provided with good nutrition and care; the sick child must be allowed to lie on his back for long; the sick child should be kept in bed; the sick child may be kept outdoors.
III. Read the text and say what new information it contains as
compared with the previous text:
Pneumonia almost always sets in abruptly with a high fever. Children often complain of stomachaches and pain in the chest. Sometimes children expectorate bloody sputum. The cough is at first very mild, in some cases it is absent altogether. Respiration is accelerated. The disease lasts 7-14 days. In older children complications are rare, and prognosis is very good. Proper treatment and nutrition lead to complete recovery.
IV. Translate into Russian paying attention to the meaning of the underlined words:
1. Pneumonia involves an entire lung or a part of a lung. 2. The disease responds very well to specific medication with penicillin. 3. The doctor applied mustard plasters on the patient's breast and cups on his back. 4. Children are given vitamins from the very first day of the disease. 5. A variety of complications may occur. 6. If you sit near the window, you will get a cold. There is a draught there.
V. Match the underlined words with their Russian equivalents and translate the sentences:
1. This food is very nutritious, а) частый, часто
встречающийся
2. The disease sets in abruptly b)корь
3. During this season the disease is very с) резко, внезапно
frequent d)питательный
4. Pneumonia may complicate е) коклюш
whooping cough.
5.Measles may also be complicated by pneumonia..
VI. Speak about: a)symptoms and course of pneumonia; b) com
plications of pneumonia; c) treatment of pneumonia; d) care for a pneumonia patient.
WHOOPING COUGH (PERTUSSIS)'
Whooping cough is a common acute infection of childhood, highly contagious. It is caused by the Bordutellia Pertussis. The illness is characterized by a catarrhal period of nonspecific respiratory symptoms progressing to the stage of paroxysmal cough, accompanied by the typical inspiratory whoop and vomiting. It may be complicated by potentially serious involvement of the respiratory tract and the central nervous system.
Epidemiologic Factors.The disease may strike at any time of the year. Although no age is exempt from pertussis, most people have the disease in early life. Transmission is likely to occur by direct contact with an infected person (coughing, sneezing, talking). The disease is communicable from its very first days to four weeks afrer onset of typical paroxysms.
Clinical Manifestaions.The incubation period is about 7 days, seldom shorter — from 2 to 4 days, or longer — up to 21 days.
The clinical course of whooping cough is divided into 3 stages — catarrhal, paroxysmal and convalescent. The. catarrhal stage lasts for about 1 or 2 weeks. It begins with the symptoms of an upper respiratory infection or common cold. The child may appear listless and irritable. Sometimes the only manifestation is a dry hacking cough. After about a week the cough, instead of improving, gradually becomes more severe and it begins to occur in paroxysms. The paroxysmal stage lasts, as a rule, 4 to 6 weeks. The cough now comes in explosive bursts. A series of 5 to 10 short, rapid coughs are given on one expiration, followed by a. sudden inspiration, associated with a characteristic sound or whoop. During the attack the child's face becomes red or cyanotic, the eyes bulge, the tongue protrudes. Vomiting frequently follows the attack. In severe cases young unimmunized infants may stop breathing during an attack (apnea).The attacks occur more frequently at night and in a stuffy room than in one well aired or out of doors.
The convalescent stage is marked by cessation of whooping and vomiting. Little by little the number and severity of paroxysms decrease.
Diagnosis.The clinical diagnosis is made by the paroxysmal nature of the cough, the red or cyanotic appearance of the child during an attack and the associated vomiting. During the catarrhal stage it is usually impossible to differentiate pertussis on clinical grounds from the common cold, bronchitis or acute respiratory disease.At this time Bordutellia pertussis can be isolated from the nasopharynx. The white blood test may also help the diagnosis. High white blood counts with a predominance of lymphocytes are characteristic of whooping cough.
Treatment. There is no specific drug to stop the attacks. Modern cough suppressing remedies may be administered in severe cases.
Whooping cough can be effectively treated with antibiotics.. The sooner one of these antibiotics is used, the better the results. The course of antibiotics treatment averages 8—12 days. Rest in bed is indicated as long as fever is present. The room should be well aired. It is important to maintain proper nutrition. The diet must be adequate, rich in vitamins, especially vitamin С The patient should be separated from other people.
Complications.The commonest and usually the most severe complication is pneumonia. Stop of breathing during an attack is very dangerous in young children. Otitis media, atelectasis may often occur.
Immunity.As a rule, one attack of whooping cough is followed by life-long immunity. Second attacks of pertussis are rare.
Prophylaxis.-Children should be immunized at the age of 5-6 months with a pertussis - diphtheria vaccine.