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Cylinder, watts, divided, power, advantages, motion, horsepower, destroyed, measured, pressures.
1. Any cause which tends to produce or change … may be considered as force.
2. In the English system, force is … in pounds.
3. … is the product of force and distance … by time.
4. What is one of the principle … of hydraulics.
5. Power can be measured in … or …
6. Energy cannot be created or … .
7. In some aircraft hydraulic systems, very high … are employed.
8. A very small actuating … can exert tremendous force.
Exercise 18. Match the definitions with the terms and learn them by heart.
| 1. Force per unit area | a) power |
| 2. Force times distance | b) pressure |
| 3. The product of force and distance divided by time | c) work |
| 4. Any cause which tends to produce or change motion | d) horse power / watt |
| 5. The power required when 550lb of force is exerted through a distance of 1ft in 1s | e) force |
Exercise 19. Say what is true and what is false. Correct the false statements using the following expressions.
I don’t agree with the statement.
I disagree with this.
I am afraid I can’t agree with you here.
I am afraid (I think) you are mistaken.
I see your point, but … .
On the contrary.
Nothing of the kind, I am afraid.
I am sure, that ...
1. Power can be measured in grams, kilograms, or newtons.
2. To measure the force of hydraulics, we must be able to determine force per unit area.
3. Hydraulics includes the study of world nations and their physical characteristics.
4. A basic principle of hydraulics is expressed in the law formulated by Newton in the seventh century.
5. When liquids are at rest, certain dynamic characteristics must be taken into consideration.
6. According to the law of conservation of energy, energy converted to heat must be added to the total energy of the moving liquid.
7. Horsepower can be expressed as 550ft divided by lb/s.
8. Since energy cannot be created or destroyed, the multiplication of force is accomplished at the expense of distance.
Exercise 20. Answer the questions on text 2.
1. What is the product of force and distance divided by time?
2. What may force be considered as?
3. In what units is pressure measured?
4. How can one horsepower be expressed?
5. What is one of the principle advantages of hydraulics?
6. What does the law of conservation of energy state?
7. What pressure can a very small actuating cylinder exert in some aircraft hydraulic systems?
Exercise 21. Translate into English.
1. Будь-яке зусилля, спрямоване на спричинення або зміну напрямку руху є сила. 2. Робота - це сила помножена на відстань. 3. Потужність - це добуток сили та відстані, поділений на час. 4. Через те, що енергію неможливо ані створити, ані знищити, збільшення сили відбувається за рахунок відстані. 5. Циліндр, який має поперечний переріз 12 см2 , здатний відтворити силу в 44 480N.
Exercise 22. Make a list of key words of text 2 and use them in the sentences of your own to give the gist of the text.
Exercise 23. Memorize the following words and word combinations to text 3.
Lubricating medium – мастильний засіб
thereby – завдяки чому, таким чином
vegetable-base fluid – рідина на рослинній основі
fire-resistant fluid – вогнетривка рідина
castor oil - рицинова олія
brake system – гальмівна система
hydraulic-power system – гідроенергетична система
fire hazard - ризик виникнення пожежі
wheel brakes – гальма шасі
damaging – шкідливий
phosphate ester – фосфат, що містить ефір, фосфорнокислий ефір
dissolve - розчиняти; розріджувати; розкладати
paint - фарба
lacquer – лак, палітура
enamel - емаль
gasket – прокладка, сальник
seal – ущільнювач; обтюратор
hose - шланг
butyl rubber – бутилова гума
fluorocarbon resin – фторовмісна вуглеводна смола
contaminate - забруднювати
to be finished with – бути оздобленим
coating – покриття, захисний шар
spill – проливати, розсипати
Exercise 24. Read and translate text 3.