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Text 1. Internal combustion engine
The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel (generally, fossil fuel) occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the high temperature and pressure gases, which are produced by the combustion, directly applies force to a movable component of the engine, such as the piston or turbine blades, and, by moving it over a distance, generates useful mechanical energy.
The term internal combustion engine usually refers to engines in which combustion is intermittent, such as the more familiar four-stroke and two-stroke piston engines. A second class of internal combustion engines includes continuous combustion gas turbines, jet engines and most rocket engines, each of which are internal combustion engines operating on the same principle as previously described.
The internal combustion engine (or ICE) is quite different from external combustion engines, such as steam engines, in which the energy is delivered to a working fluid. Working fluids can be air, hot water, pressurized water, wood-burning, nuclear, solar etc.
A large number of different designs for ICEs have been developed and built, with a variety of different strengths and weaknesses. Powered by an energy-dense fuel (which is very frequently petrol, a liquid derived from fossil fuels) the ICE delivers an excellent power-to-weight ratio.
Internal-combustion engines are the most broadly applied and widely used power-generating devices currently in existence. Examples include gasoline engines, diesel engines, gas-turbine engines, and rocket-propulsion systems.
Internal-combustion engines are divided into two groups: continuous-combustion engines and intermittent-combustion engines. The continuous-combustion engine is characterized by a steady flow of fuel and oxidizer into the engine. A stable flame is maintained within the engine (e.g., jet engine). The intermittent-combustion engine is characterized by periodic ignition of air and fuel and is commonly referred to as a reciprocating engine. Discrete volumes of air and fuel are processed in a cyclic manner. Gasoline piston engines and diesel engines are examples of this second group.
Exercise 3. Find equivalents in text 1. It will help you to translate it.
Двигун внутрішнього згоряння; лопатки турбіни; гази під тиском; рухомі компоненти двигуна; чотири- або двотактний поршневий двигун; безперервний процес горіння; реактивний двигун, який описано вище; робоча рідина; вода під тиском; енергоємне паливо; двигун з безперервним процесом горіння; сталий потік палива; періодичне запалення; поршневий двигун, що працює на бензині; двигуни, які працюють на дизельному паливі.
Exercise 4. Find words or phrases in text 1 having the following meanings. (They are in the same order as in the text).
1. Within a particular country, company or organization rather than outside.
2. The process of burning.
3. When something increases in size, range, amount, volume etc.
4. A part of an engine consisting of a short solid piece of metal inside a tube, which moves up and down to make the other parts of the engine move.
5. To produce heat, electricity, or other form of energy.
6. Stopping and starting often and for short periods.
7. A vehicle used for travelling or carrying things into space, which is shaped like a big tube.
8. The hot mist that water produces when it is boiled.
9. The energy produced when the nucleus of an atom is either split or joined with the nucleus of another atom.
10. A lot of things of some type that are different from each other in some way.
11.A substance such as coal, gas or oil that can be burned to produce heat or energy.
12. A liquid obtained from petroleum that is used to supply power to the engine of cars and other vehicles.
13. Relationship between two amounts, represented by a pair of numbers, showing how much bigger one amount is than the other.
14. The total amount of something, especially when it is large or increasing.
15. Happening as a number of related events that happen again and again in the same order.
Exercise 5. Complete the following sentences.
1. In an internal combustion engine … occurs with an oxidizer.
2. In an internal combustion engine the expansion of … directly applies force to a movable component of the engine.
3. Working fluids can be … .
4. Internal combustion engines are powered by … .
5. Internal combustion engines deliver an excellent … .
6. Internal combustion engines are divided into two groups: … .
7. A continuous-combustion engine is characterized by a steady flow of … .
8. Discrete volumes of air and fuel are … .
Exercise 6. Answer the questions on text 1.
1. What is the main characteristic of the internal combustion engine.
2. What are high temperature and pressure gases produced by?
3. What engines does the term “internal combustion engine” usually refer to?
4. What is the difference between the internal combustion engine and steam engine?
5. Why do internal combustion engines deliver an excellent power-to-weight-ratio?
6. What power-generating devices currently in existence are the most broadly applied and widely used?
7. What groups are internal-combustion engines divided into?
8. What is the continuous-combustion engine characterized by?
9. What are reciprocating engines characterized by?
Exercise 7. Translate into English.
1. Згоряння палива відбувається в камері згоряння завдяки окиснику, яким є повітря.
2. Рухомі компоненти двигуна, такі як поршень або лопатки турбіни, генерують корисну механічну енергію.
3. Другий клас двигунів внутрішнього згоряння характеризуються безперервним типом згоряння.
4. Парові двигуни значно відрізняються від двигунів внутрішнього згоряння.
5. Впродовж останніх років розроблено і збудовано велику кількість двигунів різних конструкцій.
6. Двигуни внутрішнього згоряння працюють на енергоємному паливі, яким частіше за все є бензин.
7. Характерною рисою двигунів з безперервним процесом горіння є сталий потік палива і окисника до камери згоряння.
8. Поршневі двигуни, які працюють на бензині, а також дизельні двигуни є двигунами з пульсуючим процесом згоряння.
Exercise 8. Make up a list of key words of text 1.
Exercise 9. Write a summary of text 1 (3-4 sentences).
Exercise 10. Read, translate in writing, entitle and retell text 2.
Text 2.
Gasoline engine is an engine that uses gasoline as a fuel. Inside the engine, the combustion (burning) of fuel mixed with air produces hot gases that expand against parts of the engine and cause them to move. For this reason, gasoline engines are called internal-combustion engines. The motion inside the engine is transferred outside it to turn wheels and propellers or to operate machines. In this way, a gasoline turns heat energy into mechanical work. The rate at which a gasoline engine produces work is usually measured in horsepower or watts.
Gasoline engines are compact and light in weight for the power they produce. This makes them one of the most important types of engines for vehicles. Nearly all automobiles, lawn movers, motorcycles, motor scooters, snowmobiles, and small tractors have gasoline engines. So do many trucks, buses, airplanes, and small boats. Gasoline engines may also be used as portable power plants. For example, to supply power to run pumps and other machinery on farms.
Exercise 11. Memorize the following words and word combinations to text 3.
Piston - поршень
move up and down – рухатися вгору та вниз
back and forth – назад-вперед
crankshaft – колінчатий вал
reciprocating motion – зворотно-поступальний рух
rotary motion – обертальний рух
piston stroke – хід поршня
valve - клапан
arrangement – розташування
two- /four-stroke cycle – дво-/ чотиритактний цикл
fuel-air mixture – паливно-повітряна суміш
intake - впуск
compression - стискання
power stroke – робочий хід
exhaust - вихлоп
lawn mower - газонокосилка
compression ratio – ступінь стискання
high-octane gasoline – високооктановий бензин
lead - свинець
additive - присадка
pollutant – речовина, що забруднює
automobile exhausts – вихлопи автомобілів
catalytic converter – каталітичний конвертор
Exercise 12. Read and translate text 3.