 |
|
Text 3. Hydraulic Fluids
Hydraulic fluids make possible the transmission of pressure and energy. They also act as a lubricating medium, thereby reducing the friction between moving parts and carrying away some of the heat.
There are three principal types of hydraulic fluids: vegetable-base fluids, mineral base fluids, and fire-resistant fluids. Vegetable-base fluids are usually mixtures containing castor oil and alcohol and are coloured blue, blue-green, or almost clear. They are still used in some brake systems but are not generally found in hydraulic-power systems.
Mineral-base fluids consist of a high-quality petroleum oil and are usually coloured red. They are used in many systems, especially where the fire hazard is comparatively low. Mineral-base fluids are less corrosive and less damaging to certain parts than other types of fluid.
Fire-resistant fluids used in transport aircraft are usually of the phosphate ester type. These fluids are coloured light green, blue, and purple. Great care must be taken to see that the units installed in the hydraulic system are of the type designed for fire-resistant fluid.
Fire resistant hydraulic fluid will soften or dissolve many types of paints, lacquers, and enamels. For this reason, areas which may be contaminated with this type of fluid must be finished with special coatings. When any of the fluid is spilled, it should immediately be removed and the area washed.
Exercise 25. Translate the following words and word combinations.
Brake system, hydraulic power system, comparatively low, mineral-base fluid, coating, extensively used, to take great care, reduce friction, transmission of pressure and energy, assure, wheel brakes, increased fire resistance, dissolve, advantage, fire hazard.
Exercise 26. Find English equivalents in text 3.
Зменшення тертя, збільшений опір виникнення пожежі, передавання тиску та енергії, перевага, відносно низький, гальмівна система, ризик виникнення пожежі, розчинятися, рідина на мінеральній основі, гідроенергетична система, піклуватися, покриття, запевняти, забезпечувати, рідина на рослинній основі, розчиняти фарбу, лак.
Exercise 27. Give antonyms to the following words. Consult a dictionary, if necessary.
High-quality, increase, advantage, liquid, small, usual, usually, possible, reduce, extensively, resistant, positive, approved, soften, contaminated, coloured.
Exercise 28. Translate the following “noun + noun” clusters:
Vegetable-base fluid, castor oil, brake system, hydraulic power system, transport aircraft, Teflon fluorocarbon resin, high-quality petroleum oil, petroleum base liquid, butyl rubber, wheel brakes, mineral-base, hydrocarbon fluid, fire hazard, phosphate ester type.
Exercise 29. Match adjectives (I) with nouns (II) and translate the word combinations formed.
I. Great, small, hydraulic, certain, resistant, special, corrosive, low, principal.
II. Parts, care, coating, aircraft, power, fluids, pressure, fire, coating, type, system, hazard, corrosion.
Exercise 30. Say whether the statements are right or wrong and correct the wrong ones.
1.There are three principal types of hydraulic fluids.
2.Vegetable-base fluids are usually mixtures containing castor oil and water.
3.Vegetable-base fluids are widely used in hydraulic-power systems.
4.Mineral-base fluids consist of a high-quality petroleum.
5.Mineral-base fluids are extremely corrosive and damaging to certain parts.
6.Fire-resistant fluids are coloured red, orange and yellow.
7.Fire-resistant hydraulic fluids can dissolve many types of paints, lacquers and enamels.
8.Mineral-base fluids are used in many systems where the fire hazard is very high.
9.Seals, gaskets and hoses used with the fire-resistant fluids are made of butyl synthetic plastic.
10. When any of the fluid is spilled, it may remain untouched as it is absolutely harmless.
Exercise 31. Complete the following sentences with the word from text 3.
1.There are three principal types of hydraulic fluids:…
2.Vegetable-base fluids are coloured…
3.Mineral-base fluids consist of …
4.Small aircraft wheel brakes, flaps and landing gear usually use ..
5.Great care must be taken to see that the units installed in the hydraulic system are of the type…
6.… will soften or dissolve many types of paints, lacquers and enamels.
7.Areas which may … must be finished with special coatings.
8.Vegetable-base fluids are not found in…
9.Fire-resistant fluids used in … are usually of the phosphate ester type.
10. When any of the fluid is spilled, it should immediately … .
Exercise 32. Translate into English.
1.Гідравлічні рідини, як і мастила, знижують тертя між частинами, що рухаються.
2.Гідравлічні рідини, які є сумішшю касторової олії та спирту, все ще використовуються в деяких гальмівних системах.
3.Рідини на мінеральній основі використовуються на маленьких літаках, оснащених силовими гідравлічними системами.
4. У гальмівних пристроях коліс, закрилках і шасі використовуються гідравлічні системи.
5.Протипожежні рідини мають світло-зелений, блакитний або багряний колір, вони часто використовуються в транспортній авіації.
6.Поверхні, що можуть бути забруднені протипожежними рідинами, мають бути покритими спеціальним захисним шаром.
7. У разі потрапляння на поверхню гідравлічної протипожежної рідини, її треба негайно змити з поверхні.
Exercise 33. Answer the questions on text 3.
1.What do hydraulic fluids make possible?
2.Where are vegetable-base fluids used?
3.Where are mineral-base fluids used?
4.Why should care be taken while replacing gaskets, seals, and hoses?
5.What areas must be finished with special coatings?
6.What should be done when any of the fluids is spilled?
Exercise 34. Compose dialogues on “Hydraulic fluids”.
Exercise 35. Read, translate and entitle text 4.
Text 4.
In addition to any other instructions given in the airplane manufacturer’ manual, the following should be observed in the use of hydraulic fluids.
1.Mark each airplane hydraulic system to show the type of fluid to be used in the system.
2.Never under any circumstances service an airplane system with a type of fluid different from that shown on the instruction plate.
3.Make certain that hydraulic fluids and fluid containers are protected from contamination of any kind. Dirt particles quickly cause many hydraulic units to become inoperative and may cause severe damage. If there is any question regarding the cleanliness of the fluid, it should be filtered through a filter paper into a dustfree container. Containers for hydraulic fluid should never be left open to the air for longer than necessary.
4.Never allow hydraulic fluids of different types to be mixed. Mixed fluid will make a hydraulic system useless.
5.Do not expose fluids to high heat or open flames. Vegetable- and mineral-base fluids are highly flammable. Phosphate ester fluids are considered fire-resistant and will not support combustion in the absence of extremely high heat.
6.Avoid contact with the fluids. If skin contact occurs, wash the fluid off with soap and water.
7.Wear protective gloves and a face shield whenever handling phosphate ester fluids and whenever working around any hydraulic lines that are under pressure.
Exercise 36. Answer the questions on text 4.
1.Why is it obligatory to mark each airplane hydraulic system?
2.What may happen, if an airplane system is serviced with a type of fluid different from that recommended?
3.What may contamination of hydraulic fluids cause?
4.In what case should hydraulic fluid be filtered through a filter paper?
5.What may happen if containers for hydraulic fluid are left open to the air for longer than necessary?
6. Can hydraulic fluids of different types be used if they are mixed? Why?
7.Why shouldn’t vegetable-and-mineral-base fluids be exposed to high heat or open flames?
8.What may happen in case of skin contact with hydraulic fluids?
9.What should be done if skin contact with hydraulic fluids occurs?
10. Why is it dangerous to work around any hydraulic lines that are under pressure if you don’t wear protective gloves and a face shield?
Exercise 37. Form nouns from the following verbs and translate them.
| Model: Teach – teacher, speak – speaker |
Learn, play, count, deal, provide, sing, dance, direct, govern, organize, compose, protect, consume, point, contain, use, observe, sell, sail, absorb.
Exercise 38. Form new verbs with the prefix re- and translate them.
| Model: Write – писати, rewrite – переписувати Read – читати; reread – перечитувати |
Construct, design, build, ask, tell, organize, structure, sell, form, make.
Exercise 39. Form adjectives from the following adding the suffixes -able / -ible and translate them. Consult a dictionary if necessary.
| Model: Move – рухати, movable – рухомий |
Attain, inflate, exploit, read, operate, discuss, inflame, repair, separate, count, compress, obtain, control, comprehend, understand, move, convert, change, accept, produce, apply.
Exercise 40. Form adjectives adding the suffix “less” and translate them.
| Model: Home – дім, homeless – бездомний, безпритульний |
Care, hope, end, child, brain, price, breath, shape, tact, shame, colour, reck, hair, aim, pity.
Exercise 41. Find Present Perfect Tense forms in the following sentences and translate them.
1.New risk potentials have arisen at airport over the past few years through the use of high-tech systems and new technologies.
2.Many other countries, including Japan and much of Europe, have made similar changes in the composition of gasoline.
3.In months of detailed work everything has been carefully prepared: the smallest detail must be correct.
4.The federal Clean Air Act of 1970 and amendments to the act in 1990 have led many changes in the design of automobiles and the composition of gasoline.
5.Many efforts have been made to control air pollution resulting from the exhaust fumes from gasoline engines.
6.Security exists when all conceivable risks have been identified and reduced to a minimum.
7.Periodic Security and Fire Protection Reports are important after all measures have been implemented gradually
Exercise 42. Complete the answers the questions using the verbs in Present Perfect Tense.
| Model: Don’t forget to call Pete. I have just called him. |
- Help Mark to translate the text.
- I … already … him. We … just … it.
- Remember to sent the letter on your way to work.
- I … already … it. I did it yesterday.
- Will you pay the waiter or shall I do it?
- I … just … him.
- Why don’t you read the paper?
- I … just … it.
- When are you going to see this film?
- We … already … it. We saw it last Saturday.
- When are you taking your exam?
I … already … it and got a good grade.
Exercise 43. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense form present perfect or past simple.
1. Her brother (buy) a new TV set last month.
2. Your car looks very clean. … you (wash) it?
3. Ann’s hair looks much darker. – Yes, she (dye) her hair yesterday.
4. How many times you (be ill) last year? – 3 times, but I (not be ill) this year yet.
5. When you (move to) a new apartment? We (not move) yet.
6. My son (finish) school last year. And this year he (enter) the university.
Exercise 44. Put for or since into each gap and translate the phrases.
1. ____ 5 days.
2. ____ half an hour
3. ____ March
4. ____ 8.30
5. ____ we were at university
6. ____ a long time
7. ____ 1 September
8. ____ ages
9. ____ the beginning of the year
10. ____ a couple of weeks
Exercise 45. Paraphrase the following sentences using the present perfect tense with ‘for’ or ‘since’.
| Model: I last went to the cinema 2 month ago. I haven’t been to the cinema for two months. |
1. I last shaved the day before yesterday.
2. I last went home 3 month ago.
3. I last ate meat on the Christmas day.
4. It’s two weeks since Mike washed his car.
5. I sold my car last year.
6. We cleaned windows in autumn.
7. I last swam in the sea when I had my vacation 2 years ago.
Exercise 46. Use the verbs given in brackets in the correct tense form: the Simple Past or the Present Perfect.
1.I (be born) in Lviv 20 years ago.
2.I (finish) college and (enter) the National Aviation University this year.
3.You (see) this new American film yet?
4.It (be) a very good film. It (make) a deep impression on me.
5.Where is Pete? I (not see) him today.
6.I (lose) my key. You (see) it anywhere? – No, I’m afraid I … . When you last (see) it?
7.You ever (try) to give up smoking? – Yes, I (try) two month ago, but then I (find) that it was very difficult for me, so I (start) again.
8.I (cut) my finger rather badly. Have you got a bandage? – I’ll get6 you one. How it (happen)?
9.He (lose) his job last month and since then he (be) out of work.
10. She said that she would phone me this morning, but it is now 12:30 and she (not phone) yet.
Exercise 47. Work in pairs to decide which is the correct verb form.
1. Have you ever seen / did you ever see a rock concert?
2. I saw / I have seen “WW” last year.
3. I love rock music. I like / have liked it all my life.
4. The “J&B” concert has been / was excellent.
5. I have bought / bought all their records after the concert.
6. How long have you known / do you know my brother?
7. I know him / have known him since we were at kinder garden together.
8. When did he graduate / has he graduated from the university?
9. We have been / are at the university for 5 years but we haven’t graduated / didn’t graduate from it yet.
Exercise 48. Correct the grammar mistakes in this piece of writing (there are 8 mistakes).
I have been born in Ukraine 25 years ago and I have lived here all my life. I am married for three years. My wife and I are students. We are students of the Polytechnical University for four years since we were 21. In our spare time we are learning English. We have taken a three-year course and now we are in our second year. We also love reading. Last year I have read several novels in Ukrainian and two detective stories in English. Now I am reading a very interesting novel by Steven King. I read half of it. My wife and I never were abroad but we are lager to go to an English speaking country and hope that our dream will come true.