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Text 4. Gas pipelines
The efficient and effective movement of natural gas from producing regions to consumption regions requires an extensive and elaborate transportation system. In many instances, natural gas produced from a particular well will have to travel a great distance to reach its point of use. The transportation system for natural gas consists of a complex network of pipelines, designed to quickly and efficiently transport natural gas from its origin to areas of high natural gas demand. Transportation of natural gas is closely linked to its storage; should the natural gas being transported not be required at that time, it can be put into storage facilities. There are essentially three major types of pipelines along the transportation route: the gathering system, the interstate pipeline, and the distribution system. The gathering system consists of low pressure, low diameter pipelines that transport raw natural gas from the wellhead to the processing plant. Should natural gas from a particular well have high sulfur and carbon dioxide contents (sour gas), a specialized sour gas gathering pipe must be installed. Sour gas is extremely corrosive and dangerous, thus its transportation from the wellhead to the sweetening plant must be done carefully.
Pipelines can be characterized as interstate or intrastate. Interstate pipelines carry natural gas across state boundaries, in some cases clear across the country. Intrastate pipelines, on the other hand, transport natural gas within a particular state.
Interstate pipelines consist of a number of components which ensure the efficiency and reliability that is needed for a system that delivers such an important energy source year round, twenty four hours a day.
Pipelines can measure anywhere from 6 to 48 inches in diameter, although certain component pipe sections can consist of small diameter pipe, as small as 0.5 inches in diameter. However, this small diameter pipe is usually used only in gathering and distribution systems. Mainline pipes, the principle pipeline in a given system, are usually between 16 and 48 inches in diameter. Lateral pipelines, which deliver natural gas to or from the mainline, are typically between 6 and 16 inches in diameter. Most major interstate pipelines are between 24 and 36 inches in diameter. Pipelines are produced in steel mills, which are sometimes specialized to produce only pipelines. There are two different production techniques, one for small diameter pipes and the other for large diameter pipes. For large diameter pipes, from 20 to 42 inches in diameter, the pipes are produced from sheets of metal which are folded into a tube shape, with the ends welded together to form a pipe section. Small diameter pipe, on the other hand, can be produced seamlessly. This involves heating a metal bar to very high temperatures, then punching a hole through the middle of the bar to produce a hollow tube. In either case, the pipe is tested before being shipped from the steel mill, to ensure that it can meet the pressure and strength standards for transporting natural gas.
Line pipe is also covered with a specialized coating to ensure that it does not corrode once placed in the ground. The purpose of the coating is to protect the pipe from moisture, which causes corrosion and rusting. There are a number of different coating techniques. In the past, pipelines were coated with a specialized coal tar enamel. Today, pipes are often protected with what is known as a fusion bond epoxy, which gives the pipe a noticeable light blue colour. In addition, cathodic protection is often used, which is a technique of running an electric current through the pipe to ward off corrosion and rusting.
Exercise 46. Form nouns from the following verbs by adding the following suffixes: -ment, -(e)r, -(t)ion, -(s)ion, -age, -y. Translate them.
Move, produce, consume, require, design, transport, store, distribute, protect, specialize, measure, corrode, deliver, ship.
Exercise 47. Determine the parts of speech and translate the words.
Transport – to transport – transportation – transportable;
store – storage – storehouse;
distribute – distribution – distributing – distributive – distributor;
characterize – characteristic – character;
measure - measurement – measured – measureless;
specialize – specialization – special – speciality;
strengthen – strength – strong – strenuous;
protect – protection - protector – protective;
elaborate – elaboration – elaborated;
ship – shipping – shipper – shipment;
moisture – moisturize – moisten – moist;
standard – standardization – standardize.
Exercise 48. Form adverbs from the following adjectives. Translate them.
Efficient, natural, effective, quick, close, dangerous, essential, noticeable, particular, typical, seamless.
Exercise 49. Write the missing forms of the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives.
High - … - the highest;
… - better - …;
bad - … - …;
far – farther - …;
far – further - …;
… - less - …;
low - … - the lowest;
… - more - …;
cheap - … - the cheapest;
efficient - … more efficient - …;
essential - … - … .
Exercise 50. Match the English-Ukrainian equivalents.
| a) технології виробництва b) відповідати стандартам c) великий діаметр d) державні кордони e) система розподілу f) потік природного газу g) запобігати корозії h) завод з переробки газу i) газ із домішками j) низький тиск k) газова магістраль l) головний трубопровід |
Exercise 51. Use the following universal words in sentences of your own. Mind their pronunciation.
Effective, gas, transport, type, corrosion, characterize, diameter, section, principle, specialize, technique, metal.
Exercise 52. Translate the following word combinations into Ukrainian.
To be specialized in producing; different production techniques; small diameter pipes; produced from sheets of metal; raw natural gas; extremely corrosive and dangerous; meet the pressure and strength standards; ward off corrosion and rusting; a great number of different coating techniques; coal tar enamel; to produce a hollow tube; in some cases; gathering and distribution systems.
Exercise 53. Fill in the gaps with the words given in brackets below and translate the sentences.
(network, route, interstate, folded, shipped, cathodic, corrosion, well, reach, corrosive, coating, moisture, pressure)
1. The transportation system for natural gas consists of a complex … of pipelines. 2. There are three major types of pipelines along the transportation …: gathering system, the … pipeline and the distribution system. 3. Large diameter pipes are produced from sheets of metal, which are … into a tube shape. 4. The pipe is tested before being … from the steel mill. 5. In addition, … protection is often used to ward off … and rusting. 6. Natural gas produced from a … has to travel a great distance to … its point of use. 7. Sour gas is extremely … and dangerous. 8. The purpose of the … is to protect the pipe from …, which causes corrosion. 9. Pipes must meet the pressure and strength standards.
Exercise 54. Rewrite the following sentences in the Passive Voice.
1. Technologists had tested pipes before they shipped them from the steel mill. 2. They fold sheets of metal into a tube shape and then weld ends together to form a pipe section. 3. Interstate pipelines carry natural gas across state boundaries. 4. New technology has introduced high efficiency and reliability. 5. The system delivers such an important energy source year round, twenty four hours a day. 6. Geologists discovered a new gas field last year. 7. A new pipeline will transport raw natural gas from the wellhead to the processing plant. 8. The workers are covering the pipe with a specialized coating. 9. The coating will protect the pipe from moisture. 10. Moisture has caused corrosion and rusting.
Exercise 55. Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense and voice forms.
1. Small diameter pipes (to use) only in gathering and distribution systems. 2. Pipelines can (to characterize) as interstate or intrastate. 3. Effective movement of natural gas from producing regions to consumption regions (to require) a complex network of pipelines. 4. Transportation of sour gas from the wellhead to the sweetening plant must (to do) carefully. 5. Pipelines (to produce) in steel mills. 6. Interstate pipelines (to consist) of a number of components which (to ensure) the efficiency that (to need) from a system. 7. A pipe (to cover) with a coating to ensure that it (not to corrode). 8. Cathodic protection (to use) to ward off corrosion and rusting. 9. Natural gas is highly pressurized as it (to travel) through an interstate pipeline. 10. Pipelines (to make) of a strong carbon steel material to meet standards which (to set) by the American petroleum Institute. 11. The pipeline project (to propose) in 1978. 12. The pipeline (to construct) in 1982. 13. The natural gas (to transport) to Central and Western European countries. 14. The pipeline (to cross) the Carpathian mountains and more than 60 rivers.
Exercise 56. Translate into English.
1. Від ефективної роботи газотранспортної системи України залежить не лише її власний добробут, але й енергетична безпека Європейського Союзу. 2. Україна займає стратегічне положення на шляху трубопроводів, які проходять з Росії та Середньоазіатських країн до Європи. 3. Мережа трубопроводів є складною системою, що включає магістральні трубопроводи, відгалуження, газорозподільчі станції, компресорні станції та газосховища. 4. Трубопровідний транспорт відрізняється найменшою собівартістю і використовується для перекачування нафти, нафтопродуктів, газу, а також деяких хімічних продуктів. 5. На сьогодні Україна є найбільшим у світі транспортувальником природного газу. 6. Трубопровідний транспорт в Україні є одним із найрозвинутіших і складається з двох частин – газопроводу та нафтопроводу. 7. Загальна довжина газопроводів України сягає 38 тис. км. 8. Відкриття достатніх запасів газу на заході України зумовило будівництво газопроводу «Дашава – Київ», загальною протяжністю 509,6 км, діаметром 500 мм, з робочим тиском 45 кг/см та пропускною спроможністю 1,5 млн. м3 на добу. 9. Після введення в експлуатацію в 1967 році магістрального газопроводу «Долина – Ужгород» розпочалося постачання українського та російського газу в країни Західної Європи. 10. Газопроводи України мають внутрішньо-державне та міждержавне значення. 11. Найбільшими перевагами трубопроводів є можливість їх прокладання за найкоротшим маршрутом незалежно від рельєфу, безперервність процесу транспортування, а також екологічна чистота. 12. Нове будівництво та реконструкція газопроводів і компресорних станцій дозволяють підвищити пропускну потужність і надійність існуючої транзитної системи газопроводів, забезпечити перспективні потреби нашої країни у транзитних поставках газу до 2010 року і на майбутнє.
Exercise 57. Give definitions to the following terms:
gas mains, wellhead, corrosion, lateral pipeline, sour gas, interstate pipeline, intrastate pipeline.
Exercise 58. Answer the following questions.
1.How is natural gas transported?
2.What components does the gas transportation system consist of?
3.What are the major types of pipelines along the transportation route?
4.How are pipelines produced?
5.What is the purpose of the coating?
6.There are a number of different coating techniques. What are they?
7. What is the diameter of different pipe sections?
Exercise 59. Memorize the following words and word combinations to text 5.
Maintain – підтримувати
branch line – газопровід-відгалуження
mode – режим
distributing – розподільчий
generate – виробляти
supervision – нагляд
overhaul – капремонт
department – відомство, служба
filling – наповнювач
communication – комунікація, зв’язок
production site – промислова площадка
render – надавати
evaluate – оцінювати
ultrasonic – ультразвуковий
emission – випромінювання
degradation – погіршення (стану)
property – властивість
spot – місце
damage – пошкодження; пошкоджувати
joint – з’єднання, стик
cost estimative documentation – документація з оцінки витрат
calculation – обрахування
service life – строк служби, ресурс
defective – пошкоджений, несправний
provision – забезпечення
repair – ремонт
forecast – прогноз; прогнозувати
facility – обладнання, устаткування
device – пристрій
instrument – прилад
Exercise 60. Read and translate text 5.
Text 5. Gas Mains.