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Text 1. Compressor Stations
As it has been mentioned before, natural gas is highly pressurized as it travels through an interstate pipeline. To ensure that the natural gas flowing through any pipeline remains pressurized, compression of this natural gas is required periodically along the pipe. This is accomplished by compressor stations, usually placed at 40 to 100 mile intervals along the pipeline. The natural gas enters the compressor station where it is compressed by either a turbine, motor or engine. So, compressor stations comprise compressor shops, equipped with gas compressor units of various types, such as: gas turbine driven, electrically driven and reciprocating compressors.
Turbine compressors gain their energy by using a small proportion of the natural gas that they compress. The turbine itself serves to operate a centrifugal compressor, which contains a type of fan that compresses and pumps the natural gas through the pipeline. Some compressor stations are operated by using an electric motor to turn the same type of centrifugal compressor. This type of compression does not require the use of any of the natural gas from the pipe, however it does require a reliable source of electricity nearby. Reciprocating natural gas engines are also used to power some compressor stations. These engines resemble a very large automobile engine and are powered by natural gas from the pipeline. The combustion of the gas powers pistons on the outside of the engine, which serves to compress the natural gas.
In addition to compressing natural gas, compressor stations also usually contain some type of liquid separator, much like the ones used to dehydrate natural gas during its processing. Usually, these separators consist of scrubbers and filters that capture any liquids or other undesirable particles from the natural gas in the pipeline. Although natural gas in the pipeline is considered ‘dry’ gas, the liquid separators at compressor stations ensure that the natural gas in the pipeline is as pure as possible and usually filter the gas prior to compressor.
Interstate pipelines include a great number of valves along their entire length. These valves work like gateways. They are usually open and allow natural gas to flow freely, or they can be used to stop gas flow along a certain section of pipe. There are many reasons why a pipeline may need to restrict gas flow in certain areas. For example, if a section of pipe requires replacement or maintenance, valves on either end of that section of pipe can be closed to allow engineers and work crews safe access. These large valves can be placed every 5 to 20 miles along the pipelines, and are subject to regulation by safety codes.
Exercise 3. Determine the parts of speech of the following words. Find the initial forms of the words and affixes, if any. Translate the words into Ukrainian.
Pressurized, compressor, compression, periodically, usually, equipped, reciprocating, operated, reliable, through, nearby, however, powered, combustion, processing, scrubber, electricity, used, outside, station, separator, although, uncommon, their, natural, freely, replacement, maintenance, placed, regulation, safety, undesirable.
Exercise 4. These words are used both as verbs and as nouns. Translate them and remember.
To power – power, to filter – filter, to pipeline – pipeline, to use – use, to pump – pump, to pipe – pipe, to transit – transit, to flow – flow, to stop – stop, to place – place, to travel – travel, to turn – turn.
Exercise 5. Match the English terms in the left column with their Ukrainian equivalents in the right column.
| 1) unit 2) shop 3) turbine 4) engine 5) fan 6) piston 7) maintenance 8) pump 9) pipeline 10) valve | b) кран c) поршень d) насос e) трубопровід f) агрегат g) двигун h) турбіна i) цех j) вентилятор k) технічне обслуговування |
Exercise 6. Translate the following word combinations. Use them in your own examples.
A) Powered piston, natural gas, powered engine, compressed gas; processing gas, reciprocating compressor, centrifugal compressor, electric motor, reliable source, required compression, undesirable practice, safe access, interstate pipeline, equipped compressor shops, reciprocating engine, pure gas, pressurized gas.
B) To travel through a pipeline, to filter the gas, to place at intervals, to comprise compressor shops, to gain energy, to turn a compressor, to require a reliable source, to power stations, to resemble an engine, to power pistons, to compress gas, to contain a separator, to dehydrate natural gas, to consist of scrubbers and filters, to capture liquids and particles, to condense out of the gas stream, to include valves, to flow freely, to restrict gas flows, to require maintenance.
Exercise 7. Combine the words of two groups to make all possible word combinations. Translate them.
I group: reciprocating, pressurized, natural, various, centrifugal, electric, reliable, undesirable, processing, pure, powered, required.
II group: gas, fan, compressor, engine, pressure, motor, source, particle, valve, power, piston, station.
Exercise 8. Translate “noun+noun” word combinations.
Compressor station, compressor shop, compressor unit, gas turbine, liquid separator, gas stream, gas compressor, automobile engine, gas pipeline, gas flow, gas compression, pipeline valve, safety code, gas combustion, power piston.
Exercise 9. Find synonyms for the following words.
Energy, fragment, stream, treat, clear, origin, move, rotate, purify, pump.
Exercise 10. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct voice and tense forms.
1. Natural gas highly (pressurize) as it (travel) through an interstate pipelines. 2. Compression (accomplish) by compressor stations. 3. The natural gas (enter) the compressor station, where it (compress) by either a turbine, motor or engine. 4. Turbine compressors (gain) their energy by using a small proportion of the natural gas. 5. A centrifugal compressor (contain) a type of fan that (compress) and (pump) the natural gas. 6. Some compressor stations (operate) by using an electric motor to turn the same type of centrifugal compressor. 7. This type of compression (not to require) the use of any of the natural gas from the pipe. 8. Reciprocating natural gas engines also (use) to power some compressor stations. 9. The combustion of the gas (power) pistons on the outside of the engine, which (serve) to compress the natural gas. 10. Some type of liquid separator (use) to dehydrate a natural gas during its processing.
Exercise 11. Translate and answer the questions.
1. Чому стискання природного газу є необхідним для трубопроводів? 2. Де здійснюється стискання природного газу? 3. Якими агрегатами обладнані компресорні станції? 4. Як працюють газо-турбінні компресори? 5. Як діють компресори з електроприводом? 6. Як живиться енергією газомотокомпресор? 7. Як використовуються рідинні сепаратори на компресорних станціях? 8. З чого складаються сепаратори? 9. Чому необхідно стримувати потік газу у газопроводі на певних ділянках? 10. Що містять газопроводи для перекривання потоку газу?
Exercise 12. Memorize the following words and word combinations to text 2.
Centrifugal compressor – відцентровий компресор
vane – лопатка
impeller – крильчатка, імпелер
housing – корпус
rim – обід
velocity – швидкість
diffuser – дифузор
divergent – той, що розходиться
duct – канал, прохід, труба, тунель
horse power (hp) – кінська сила; потужність у кінських силах
axia(-flow) compressor – осьовий компресор
rub – тертися
multiple – численний
blower – вентилятор
cooling unit – охолоджувальна секція
volume – об’єм
blade – лопать, лопатка
passage – прохід
Mach number – число М
medium (pl. media) – проміжний ступінь; засіб
downstream – униз за течією
design pressure ratio – розрахунковий ступінь стиснення
piston – поршень
reciprocating – що рухається зворотно-поступально
reciprocating compressor – поршневий компресор
crankshaft – колінчатий вал
combustion engine – двигун внутрішнього згорання
intermittent – періодичний; перериваний; переривчастий
discharge – 1. випуск, вихід; відвід 2. розряд; вивантаження
pounds per square inch (PSi) – тиск у фунтах на квадратний дюйм
mega-power ampere (MPa) – мегаампер
occur – відбуватися, мати місце
flexible – гнучкий
intake – впуск, вхід, всмоктуючий пристрій, забирач
back and forth – назад і вперед
rod – шток, тяга
screw – гвинт
mesh – зчіплюватися, з’єднуватися
helical – гвинтовий, спіральний
portable – переносний
kilo watt (KW) – кіловат
supercharger – нагнітач
match – підходити, бути до пари; відповідати (чомусь)
insert – вставляти, устромляти
radial – радіальний
slot – щілина
port – отвір; прохід
Exercise 13. Read and translate text 2.