 |
|
Text 2. Smog as an environmental problem
Smog and poor air quality is a pressing environmental problem, particularly for large metropolitan cities. Smog is formed by a chemical reaction of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds and heat from sunlight. Smog and ground level ozone can contribute to respiratory problems ranging from temporary discomfort to long-lasting permanent lung damage. Pollutants contributing to smog come from a variety of sources, including vehicle emissions, smokestack emissions, paints and solvents. As the reaction to create smog requires heat, smog problems are the worst in the summertime.
The use of natural gas does not contribute significantly to smog formation, as it emits low levels of nitrogen oxides and virtually no particulate matter. For this reason, it can be used to help combat smog formation in those areas where ground level air quality is poor. The main sources of nitrogen oxides are electric utilities, motor vehicles and industrial plants. Increased natural gas use in the electric generation sector could serve to combat smog production especially in urban centres.
Acid rain is another environmental problem damaging crops, forests, wildlife populations, and causing respiratory and other illnesses in humans. The principle source of acid rain causing pollutants is coal fired power plants. Since natural gas emits virtually no sulfur dioxide, and up to 80 percent less nitrogen oxides than the combustion of coal, increased use of natural gas could provide for fewer acid rain causing emissions.
Pollutant emissions from the industrial sector and electric utilities contribute greatly to environmental problems. The use of natural gas to power both industrial boilers and processes and the generation of electricity can significantly improve the emissions profiles for these two sectors. Essentially, electric generation and industrial applications that require energy, particularly for heating, use the combustion of fossil fuels for that energy. Because of its clean burning nature, the use of natural gas wherever possible can help to reduce the emission of harmful pollutants.
The transportation sector (particularly cars, trucks, and buses) is one of the greatest contributors to air pollution. Emissions from vehicles contribute to smog, low visibility, and various greenhouse gas emissions. Natural gas can be used in the transportation sector to cut down on these high levels of pollution from gasoline and diesel powered cars, trucks and buses. In fact, compared to traditional vehicles, vehicles operating on compressed natural gas have reductions in carbon monoxide emissions of 90 percent, and reductions in carbon dioxide emissions of 25 percent.
Natural gas is the cleanest of the fossil fuels and thus its many applications can serve to decrease harmful pollution levels in all sectors, particularly when used together with or replacing other fossil fuels.
Exercise 7. Answer the questions on text 2.
1. What sources do pollutants contributing to smog come from? 2. What are the ways to combat smog production? 3. How is acid rain formed? 4. Why is natural gas used in industrial sector? 5. Why is it recommended to use natural gas in the transportation sector?
Exercise 8. Translate the following universal words. Compare their pronunciation and meanings in English and Ukrainian.
Gas, effect, methane, molecule, atmosphere, dioxide, monoxide, energy, potentially, climate, regulate, temperature, chemical, proportion, role, percent, agency, institute, problem, organic, ozone, respiratory, boiler, electricity, profile, sector, smog, transportation, toxic, atmosphere.
Exercise 9. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following word combinations.
Source of energy; environmental benefit; harmful emission; carbon emission; sulfur dioxide; nitrogen oxide; particulate matter; harmful pollutant; potent greenhouse gas; greenhouse gas emission; carbon dioxide emission; global warning; fossil fuel; human population; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Environmental Protection Agency; Gas Research Institute; electric utility; motor vehicle; volatile organic compound; electric generator; acid rain; non-methane hydrocarbon emission; toxic emission; harmful pollution.
Exercise 10. Match the verbs of the left column with the words in the right column to form word combinations used in text 2. Translate them. Use them in sentences of your own.
| 1) to maintain 2) to be composed of 3) to release 4) to contribute to 5) to reduce 6) to mitigate 7) to result in 8) to reduce 9) to offset 10) to cause | a) pollution b) environmental protection c) healthy environment d) harmful emission e) pollutant f) smog formation g) harmful chemical h) air pollution i) environmental issue j) greenhouse effect |
Exercise 11. Give English equivalents of the following terminological word combinations.
Викопне паливо; оточуюче середовище; водяна пара; шкідливі викиди; забруднення; забруднююча речовина; парникові гази; викиди вуглецю; викопне паливо; викид метану; природний газ; згубний ефект; транспортний засіб; кислотний дощ; шкідливе забруднення; шкідлива речовина; вміст сірки; окис азоту; вуглекислий газ; спалювання природного газу; коефіцієнт вуглецю; екологічна перевага; джерело енергії; хімічні речовини.
Exercise 12. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Природний газ - це надзвичайно важливе джерело енергії щодо зменшення забруднення і збереження чистого і здорового оточуючого середовища. 2. Природний газ - найбільш чисте паливо серед інших видів викопного палива. 3. Основними продуктами згорання природного газу є вуглекислий газ та водяна пара. 4. Вугілля та нафта складаються з більш складних молекул, вищого коефіцієнту вмісту вуглецю, азоту та сірки. 5. При згоранні вугілля та нафти в оточуюче середовище потрапляють частинки попелу. 6. Речовини, які не згорають, потрапляють в атмосферу, забруднюючи навколишнє середовище. 7. Глобальне потепління або парниковий ефект пов’язують із глобальними змінами клімату завдяки підвищенню рівня атмосферних парникових газів. 8. Обсяг викидів вуглекислого газу в атмосферу у процесі спалення викопного палива дуже високий. 9. Забруднюючі речовини, які містяться у відпрацьованому газі транспортних засобів, трубному диму, фарбах і розчинниках, сприяють утворенню смогу і погіршенню якості повітря. 10. Природний газ використовують на транспорті, щоб обмежити високий рівень забруднення від бензину та дизпалива, яке використовують на автомобілях, вантажівках і автобусах.
Exercise 13. Look through Table 1 and discuss with your partner the fossil fuel emission levels.