 |
|
Btu of Energy Input
| Pollutant | Natural Gas | Oil | Coal |
| Carbon Dioxide | 117,000 | 164,000 | 208,000 |
| Carbon Monoxide | |||
| Nitrogen Oxides | |||
| Sulfur Dioxide | 1,122 | 2,591 | |
| Particulates | 2,744 | ||
| Mercury | 0.000 | 0.007 | 0.016 |
Btu - British thermal unit
Exercise 14. Speak on:
1. Environmental benefits of natural gas.
2. Greenhouse effect.
3. Smog as an environmental issue.
Exercise 15. Memorize the following words and word combinations to text 3.
Saving of energy – економія енергії
energy conservation – енергозбереження
replenish – поповнювати
finite amount – кінцева кількість
limited amount – обмежена кількість
home appliances – побутові прилади
develop – розробляти
recycling – повторне використання
grind up – подрібнювати, молоти
brand new material – принципово новий матеріал
properly – належним чином
inflate – накачувати (повітрям)
tuned up car – відрегульована машина
mileage – пробіг автомобіля на одиницю витрати пального
fuel efficiency – паливна економічність (двигуна)
energy consumption – енергоспоживання
identification – визначення
energy-inefficient process – енергетично неефективний процес
existing stocks – існуючі запаси
deplete – виснажувати, вичерпувати
energy efficiency – енергоефективність, раціональне використання енергії
output – виробляти; видобуток; продуктивність; потужність
drive – стимулювати
economic and environmental considerations – економічні та екологічні міркування
consumer of energy – споживач енергії
in order to – для того, щоб
reduce heating bills – зменшувати рахунки за опалення
manufacturer – товаровиробник, виробниче підприємство
increase efficiency – збільшувати ефективність
maximize profit – максимально збільшувати прибуток
cost-effectiveness – економічна ефективність
inefficient energy use – неефективне використання енергії
negative impact on the environment – негативний вплив на навколишнє середовище
profligate energy use – марнотратне використання енергії
contribute greatly to air pollution – значно сприяти забрудненню повітря
draw on non-renewable sources – користуватися невідновлюваними джерелами
replacement of smth by smth – заміна чогось чимось
encourage energy conservation – заохочувати енергозбереження
advocate – пропагувати
sensible alternative – розумна альтернатива
energy production – виробництво енергії
Exercise 16. Read text 3 and select the key words and expressions for a five-minute conversation with your partners on the following topic: ‘How Can People be Encouraged to Conserve Energy?’
Text 3. Saving of energy and energy conservation
Saving of energy.Some of the energy we can use is called renewable energy. These include solar, wind, geothermal and hydro. These types of energy are constantly being renewed or restored. But many of the other forms of energy we use in our homes and cars are not being replenished. Fossil fuels took millions of years to create. They cannot be made over night. And there are finite or limited amounts of these non-renewable energy sources. That means they cannot be renewed or replenished. Once they are gone, they cannot be used again. So, we must all do our part in saving as much energy as we can.
In your home you can save energy by turning off home appliances, TVs and radios that are not being used, watched or listened to. You can turn off light when no one is in the room. By putting insulation in walls and attics, we can reduce the amount of energy it takes to heat or cool our homes. Insulating a home is like putting on a sweater or jacket when we are cold instead of putting on the heat.
Recycling.To make all our newspapers, aluminium cans, plastic in bottles and other goods takes huge energy. Recycling these items means grinding them up and reusing the material. So, we must all recycle as much as we can. We can also save energy in our cars and trucks. Make sure the car is properly inflated. A car that is tuned up, has clean air and oil filters, and is running right will use less gasoline. Don’t overload a car. For every extra 100 pounds, you cut your mileage by one mile per gallon. When you buy a new car compare the fuel efficiency of different models and buy a car that gets higher miles per gallon.
Energy Conservation is the idealistic or economic practice and methods of reducing energy consumption, usually by identification of those processes that are energy-inefficient and providing alternative solutions. The term can also be used to describe the conservation of non-renewable resources such as coal, oil, and natural gas by increasing the efficiency of related processes, or finding alternatives so that existing stocks are depleted at a slower rate. Energy conservation is done in two ways:
· increasing energy efficiency to output the same level of goods and services with a small amount of input energy;
· decreasing the amount of a certain activity, or reducing the quality of a service to reduce the amount of energy needed.
Energy conservation is driven both by economics and environmental considerations. Individual and organization that are direct consumers of energy may want to conserve energy in order to reduce heating or electrical bills. Manufactures and other industries may want to increase efficiency in order to maximize profit or cost-effectiveness. Besides, in industrial applications, inefficient energy increases the negative impact on the environment. Profligate energy use is an important part of the debates over climate change and the replacement of non-renewable resources with renewable energy. Encouraging energy conservation among consumers is often advocated as a cheaper or more environmentally sensible alternative to increased energy production.
Exercise 17. Translate the following word combinations. Use them in your own examples.
To do one’s part, turn off lights, put on, take off, space-aged materials, protect environment, home appliances, raw material, brand new, fuel efficiency, different models, input energy, reduce the amount of energy, negative impact of pollution, greenhouse effect, climate change, increase efficiency.
Exercise 18. Write nouns derived from the following verbs by means of suffixes: -(t)ion and -ment.
Contribute, maximize, pollute, consider, replace, encourage, produce, transform, consume, conserve.
Exercise 19. Make up five sentences with Gerund.
| He she we you they | consider discuss insist on object to succeed in | producing new space-aged materials overloading the car finding alternatives to fossil fuels providing new technologies decreasing the amount of energy |
Exercise 20. Find Gerund and define its functions in the sentences.
1. Recycling and reusing the goods again need less energy than it takes to make them from a brand new raw material. 2. Energy conservation can be done by reducing consumption of energy and increasing energy efficiency. 3. Producing goods takes huge energy. 4. Individuals and organizations that are direct consumers of energy must think of conserving energy. 5. The companies began providing alternative solutions. 6. We can reduce the amount of energy it takes to heat our homes by putting insulation in walls and windows.
Exercise 21. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct active or passive tense forms.
1. Energy conservation (drive) both by economic and environmental considerations. 2. One can (save) energy by turning off home appliances that (not / use). 3. Energy can (save) in different ways. 4. Manufacturers (increase) energy efficiency in order to maximize profit. 5. Profits can (maximize) if manufacturers (use) new technologies.
Exercise 22. Turn the following sentences into the Active.
1. Non-renewable types of energy cannot be replenished. 2. Fossil fuels cannot be made over night. 3. New insulating materials are being developed in this laboratory. 4. Energy conservation is done in two ways. 5. Alternative solutions were found. 6. Energy is conserved in order to reduce heating or electrical bills.
Exercise 23. Rewrite the following sentences in the Passive.
1. We must recycle old items like newspapers, aluminium cans, plastic bottles, etc. 2. You can save energy by turning off home appliances that are not being used. 3. A mechanic inflated car tyres properly. 4. Individuals and organizations consume much energy. 5. Cars pollute air. 6. One can conserve energy in different ways.
Exercise 24. Answer the following questions.
1. What types of energy are constantly being renewed? 2. How can individuals and organizations save energy? 3. What takes less energy: recycling or producing new items? 4. How can energy consumption be reduced? 5. What must be done in order to improve the environment? 6. What major factors provoke climate changes?
Exercise 25. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Викопне паливо не можна ні відновити, ні поповнити. 2. Побутові прилади повинні бути відключені, якщо ви ними не користуєтесь. 3. Кожен має зробити свій внесок в економію електроенергії. 4. Вчені вже розробили принципово нові ізоляційні матеріали, які захищають від дуже високих та низьких температур. 5. Автомобіль, відрегульований належним чином, споживає менше палива і не спричиняє надмірне забруднення довкілля. 6. Проблема раціонального використання електроенергії повинна бути вирішена найближчим часом. 7. Споживачі енергії постійно дбають про енергоефективність, яка може бути досягнена декількома шляхами. 8. Енергетично неефективні процеси спричиняють забруднення навколишнього середовища, що, в свою чергу, призводить до глобальних кліматичних змін. 9. Переробка використаних матеріалів потребує менше енергії, ніж створення нових. 10. Підприємці можуть збільшити прибуток за рахунок зменшення енергоспоживання. 11. Виробництво електроенергії може бути значною мірою збільшено шляхом залучення альтернативних видів палива.
Exercise 26. The following are all electrical household goods. Use your dictionaries to check the meaning and pronunciation of any you do not know. Group them according to the spheres of application.
Air-conditioning, cooker, dishwasher, microwave oven, spotlight, fan, freezer, fridge, food-mixer, home computer, iron, kettle, hi-fi system, vacuum cleaner, Walkman, video, washing machine, word processor, CD player, fan heater.
For food (6): …
For housework (4): …
For entertainment (4): …
For heating and lighting (4): …
For work (2): …
Exercise 27. Answer the following questions.
1. What electrical household goods do you use at home?
2. What part of your family budget do electrical bills constitute?
3. How much is 1 kw/h in your city (town, village)?
4. How much do you pay for consumed electricity monthly?
5. How can your family reduce electrical bills?
Exercise 28. Memorize the following words and word combinations to text 4.
Non-conventional energy sources – нетрадиційні джерела енергії
residential energy sources – джерела енергії, які використовуються в житловому господарстві
institutional energy application – використання енергії для потреб установ
emergency power system – аварійна енергосистема
blast and furnace gas – газ доменних печей
on-site electricity generation – вироблення електроенергії на місці
heat and power system – теплоелектросистема
replace – заміщувати
average – в середньому становить
handling – обробка
imperative – імператив (філос.); нагальна необхідність
fossil fuel – викопне паливо
break-even – покриття збитків
loss – збиток
uninterrupted power supply – безперебійне енергопостачання
off-grid power system – автономна енергосистема
enormous – величезний
impact – вплив
derivative form – похідна форма
availability – наявність
desirable – бажаний
abundance – достаток, велика кількість
recover – видобувати
density – щільність
versatility – різносторонність, багатосторонність
petrochemical – нафтохімічний
myriad – незліченна кількість
refinery – очисний завод, очищення
exceed – перевищувати
significantly – наочно, важливо
gasoline – бензин
statement – твердження
legion – безліч
transition – перехід
handle – поводитися з чимось
prospect – перспектива
volume – об’єм
geotherma – геотермальна енергія
oil sand – нафтоносний пісок
oilfield – нафтове родовище
heavy oil – насичена нафта
shale oil – нафта із сланців
hydrate – гідрат, водний окис
peat – торф
coal-bed methane – шахтний метан
renewable energy sources – відновлювані джерела енергії
fission – розщеплення
fusion – злиття
tidal power – енергія припливів та відпливів океану
Exercise 29. Read the given text and select the key words and expressions for a five minute conversation with your partners on the following topic: “The Possibility of Transition to Alternative Fuels in the Near Future”.