 |
|
Alternative Energy sources
| Nonrenewable | Renewable |
| Oil sands, heavy oil | Wood / other biomass |
| Natural gas | Hydro-electric power2 |
| Coal | Solar energy |
| Shale oil | Wind energy |
| Gas hydrates | Wave energy |
| Nuclear fission | Tidal power |
| Geotherma1 | Fusion |
| Ocean thermal energy conversion |
1 Renewable for space heating
2 Not renewable with reservoirs
In Ukraine the definition of renewable energy is somewhat broader. It is often used as a synonym for non-traditional or alternative energy, which includes peat, low-potential heat of the earth (for use in heat pumps) and the ‘secondary’ energy sources such as waste heat, municipal and industrial waste, pressure of natural gas during its transportation. Some Ukrainian sources also include coal bed methane, natural gas from small-scale difficult field and other nonrenewable fuels, the extraction of which requires innovative technologies.
Exercise 30. Translate the following words and word combinations. Use them in your own examples.
Non-conventional energy, residential and commercial applications, emergency power system, uninterrupted power supply, innovative applications, enormous impact, refined derivative forms, energy density, relative safety, manufacture of petrochemical products, paved highways, energy source, new discoveries, in recent year, peak of world oil production, run out, interchangeable energy sources, industrial energy applications.
Exercise 31. Write adjectives related to the following nouns. Define the suffixes, used to form adjectives.
Ease, use, availability, alternative, mud, refinement, variety, practice, inevitability, significance, interchange, simplicity, convenience, residence, commerce, industry, innovation, desire.
Exercise 32. Give the corresponding adverbs. Translate the pairs.
Significant, easy, casual, recent, inevitable, enormous, rapid, current, relative, final, complete, common, clear, practical, good, fast, late, hard.
Exercise 33. Write nouns related to the following verbs. Define the suffixes, used to form nouns.
Invent, equal, weigh, create, exist, destroy, occur, apply, desire, recover, refine, convert, substitute, estimate, state, replace.
Exercise 34. Write the comparative and superlative forms of the following adjectives.
Easy, rapid, useful, simple, new, bad, busy, large, good, high, convenient, busy, thin.
Exercise 35. Fill in the gaps with appropriate adjectives or adverbs.
Easily, alternative, important, useful, modern, convenient, relatively, completely, simple.
1. Oil is the most … of fuels today. 2. Energy sources aren’t … interchangeable. 3. The transition to … fuels will not be either …, or rapid. 4. Oil fuels the … world. 5. Oil is very … as the basis for the manufacture of plastics, medicines, paints and many other materials. 6. No alternative energy source appears … equal to oil. 7. Currently, oil is the most … fuel. 8. Oil can be transported and stored … safely.
Exercise 36. Arrange the words from the list below in the correct columns.
Good, rapidly, well, monthly, cheap, strongly, fast, high, late, strongly, heavily, early.
| Adjective | Adverb | Adjective and adverb |
Exercise 37. Put the adjectives and adverbs in brackets into the comparative or superlative form.
1. Bioenergy is probably (promising) renewable energy sector in Ukraine. 2. Oil is (important) of our fuels today. 3. Only biomass fired boilers can replace natural gas for heat production right now because of their (low) investment costs and the (short) payback periods. 4. To achieve (high) yields of rape seed, it is necessary to invest in farm production technology. 5. Hydro power is (developed) renewable energy source in Ukraine today. 6. The world now uses (much) than 26 billion barrels of oil a year. 7. It is (easy) to transport and store oil than other fossil fuels. 8. In Europe biodiesel is (widely) used than in Ukraine. 9. Analysts singled out rape seed, a crop with high oil content, as one of (good) prospects for biofuels in Ukraine. 10. Oil has (many) useful characteristics, than any other fossil fuels.
Exercise 38. Answer the following questions.
1. What are non-conventional energy sources? 2. Where can alternative energy sources be applied? 3. What are refined derivative forms of oil? 4. What is the basis for the manufacture of petrochemical pro-ducts? 5. Why must alternative energy sources be compared with oil? 6. Why is it necessary to develop alternative energy sources? 7. What are innovative applications of non-conventional energy sources? 8. When was the peak of world oil discoveries? 9. Are energy sources easily interchangeable? Why? 10. What are the advantages of the use of oil?
Exercise 39. Give the definitions of the following terms.
Alternative energy, fossil fuel, innovative application, petrochemical products, renewable energy source, nonrenewable energy source, versatility.
Exercise 40. Fill in the missing words using the words below.
Finite, non-conventional, refined, energy production, perspectives, petrochemical, conventional, off-grid, innovative, nonrenewable, substitution.
1. Gasoline, kerosene and diesel fuel are … derivative forms of oil. 2. Oil, like other fossil fuels, is a … resource. 3. Alternative energy is the use of … energy sources to generate electrical power. 4. Oil is the basis for the manufacture of … products such as plastics, medicines, paints and other useful materials. 5. Renewable energy offers interesting … for agriculture and forestry in Ukraine. 6. Europe shows that the …. from renewable energy sources is developing dynamically in most countries. 7. Suppliers of gasoline and other kinds of oil products are not interested in … of their products by alternative liquid fuels. 8. The extraction of some … fuels requires innovative technologies. 9. Renewable energy sources can be more cost-effective than … energy in some applications, including … electrification and heating.
Exercise 41. Put questions to the underlined words.
1. The extraction of some nonrenewable fuels requires innovative technologies. 2. The transition to alternative fuels will not be simple. 3. Energy can be divided into renewable and nonrenewable. 4. Oil is the basis for the manufacture of petrochemical products. 5. Oil fuels the modern world. 6. Oil has a unique combination of many desirable and useful characteristics. 7. The world now uses more than 26 billion barrels of oil a year. 8. The peak of world oil discoveries was in the mid-1960’s. 9. Alternative energy sources are available to replace oil. 10. Heat production from biomass is competitive now.
Exercise 42. Make the following sentences negative.
1. Biomass fired boilers can replace natural gas for heat production right now. 2. There will always be oil in the Earth. 3. Energy sources are easily interchangeable. 4. People use great volumes of oil today. 5. Alternative energy sources are available to replace oil. 6. Most energy is generated at the expense of wood residues combustion. 7. Households in rural areas used only wood and wood waste for heating purposes. 8. Agricultural lands in Ukraine occupy 50% of its total area. 9. Ukraine used to produce biogas at wastewater treatment plants. 10. This plant has been in operation since 2003.
Exercise 43. Be ready for a conversation with your partners on the topic “Energy Production from Renewable Energy Sources in Developed Countries and Ukraine”. Use Table 1 and Table 2.
Table 1