(The origin of the modern forms is generally thought to have been a borrowing from Old Norse forms þæir, þæim, þæira.
The two different roots co-existed for some time, although currently the only common remnant is the shortened form 'em.
Cf. also the demonstrative pronouns.)
Semantic
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Notion
| Deffenition
| Examples
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Semiotic
| is a science of signs and/or sign systems
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syntactic
| is the study of meaning. It is a wide subject within the general study of language. An understanding of semantics is essential to the study of language acquisition (how language users acquire a sense of meaning, as speakers and writers, listeners and readers) and of language change (how meanings alter over time). It is important for understanding language in social contexts, as these are likely to affect meaning, and for understanding varieties of English and effects of style. It is thus one of the most fundamental concepts in linguistics
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Synonym
| Is forms of Greek nouns which mean, respectively, “same name”
| Compassion-sympathy
As Pleased as Punch-comfortable-glad-gratified-pleased-satisfied(довольный)
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Antonym
| Is forms of Greek nouns which mean, respectively, “opposed (or different) name”.
| big/little, clever/stupid, brave/cowardly, hot/cold, beautiful/ugly)
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Meaning
| Can be more or less described as a component of the word through which a concept is communicated, in this way endowing the word with the ability of denoting real object
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Symbol
| word
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Referent
| What word denotes
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Thought of reference
| notion
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Semaseology\ Semantic
| Is a branch of linguistics which specializes in the study of meaning/
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Semantic structure of the word
| Is the assumed structure of its inner from
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Denotative component(denotation)
| Is the primary or literal meaning of the word expressing the conceptual content.
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Connotative component(connotation)
| Is the secondary or additional meaning of the word or its implication giving a more or less full picture of the meaning.
| Mouse-a kind of roden animal\a device to control computer
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Transference
| Is the process of development of a new meaning of the word. There are 2 types of transference:metaphor,metonymy.
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Metaphor
| Is the transference based on resemblance or similarity
| Similarity in appearance
+mouse(a kind of rodent animal)_a device to control comp..
+eye(part of body)_eye of storm
+drop(of water)_eardrop
Similarity in position
+foot(part of body)_foot of the tree
+head(part of body)_head of the plane
Similarity in function
+hand(part of body)_hand of watch\clock
+key(to the door)_key of the success\exercise
Quality,characteristic
+star(celestial body)_movie\pop star
+fox(an animal)_that woman is very foxy
Size
+sea(large water area covering the earth)_sea of trouble
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Metonymy
| Is the transference based on contiguity or reladness.
| Name of separate past a whole thing or vice versa
+lend me a hand
+2 heads are better than 1
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Generalization\ broadening
| Is the extension of semantic capacity of a word during the process of historical development of the word.
| To arrive\to come
To visit\to attend
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Specialization\narrowing
| Is the restriction of semantic capacity of a word during the process of historical development of the word.
| Deer-olen’\an animal,kind of meat, kind of man
Queen\wife,woman,wife of king.
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Degeneration\degradation
| It is means developing from positive to negative meaning.
| Duck –a bird\a girl,who push the lips
Dark wood-a dark place\a person,who know nothing (his head like as dark wood)
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Elevation
| It means developing from negative to positive
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Homonyms
| Two or more words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning, distribution and in many cases origin
| fast in such combinations as run fast ‘quickly’ and stand fast ‘firmly’.
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common
| They most often used
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Proper homonyms
| Homonyms proper are words, as I have already mentioned, identical in pronunciation and spelling, like fast and liver above. Other examples are:
The important point is that homonyms are distinct words: not different meanings within one word.
| back n ‘part of the body’ – back adv ‘away from the front’ – back v ‘go back’;ball n ‘a gathering of people for dancing’ – ball n ‘round object used in games’; bark n ‘the noise made by dog’ – bark v ‘to utter sharp explosive cries’ – bark n ‘the skin of a tree’ – bark n
‘a sailing ship’; base n ‘bottom’ – base v ‘build or place upon’ – base a ‘mean’; bay n ‘part of the sea or lake filling wide-mouth opening of land’ – bay n ‘recess in a house or room’ – bay v ‘bark’ – bay n ‘the European laurel’.
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homophones
| Homophones are words of the same sound but of different spelling and meaning:
| air – hair; arms – alms; buy – by; him – hymn; knight – night; not – knot; or – oar; piece – peace; rain – reign; scent – cent; steel – steal; storey – story; write – right and many others. “How much is my milk bill?”
“Excuse me, Madam, but my name is John.”
On the other hand, whole sentences may be homophonic: The sons raise meat – The sun’s rays meet. To understand these one needs a wider context. If you hear the second in the course of a lecture in optics, you will understand it without thinking of the possibility of the first.
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Homographs
| Homographs are words different in sound and in meaning but accidentally identical in spelling
| bow [bou] – bow [bau]; lead [li:d] – lead [led]; row [rou] – row [rau]; sewer [‘soue] – sewer [sjue]; tear [tie] – tear [tee]; wind [wind] – wind [waind] and many more.
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B. Classification given by A.I. Smirnitsky
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Full homonyms
| Full lexical homonyms are words, which represent the same category of parts of speech and have the same paradigm.
| - Match n – a game, a contest
- Match n – a short piece of wood used for producing fire
- Wren n – a member of the Women’s Royal Naval Service
- Wren n – a bird
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Partial homonyms
| Partial homonyms are subdivided into three subgroups:
- Simple lexico-grammatical partial homonyms are words, which belong to the same category of parts of speech. Their paradigms have only one identical form, but it is never the same form
- Complex lexico-grammatical partial homonyms are words of different categories of parts of speech, which have identical form in their paradigms.
C. Partial lexical homonyms are words of the same category of parts of speech which are identical only in their corresponding forms.
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А.
- (to) found v- found v (past indef., past part. of to find)
- (to) lay v-lay v (past indef. of to lie)
- (to) bound v- bound v (past indef., past part. of to bind)
В.
- Rose n-Rose v (past indef. of to rise)
- Maid n-Made v (past indef., past part. of to make)
- Left adj-Left v (past indef., past part. of to leave)
- Bean n-Been v (past part. of to be)
- One num-Won v (past indef., past part. of to win)
to lie (lay, lain) v
to lie (lied, lied) v
to hang (hung, hung) v
to hang (hanged, hanged) v
to can (canned, canned)
(I) can (could)
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Borrowing
| is source of homonyms. A borrowed word may, in the final stage of its phonetic adaptation, duplicate in form either a native word or another borrowing.
| in the group of homonyms rite, n – to write, v – right, adj the second and the third words are of native origin whereas rite is a Latin borrowing (<Lat. ritus).
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conversion
| which are the same in sound and spelling but refer to different categories of parts of speech, are called lexico-grammatical homonyms.
| comb, n – to comb, v; pale, adj – to pale, v; to make, v – make, n comb, n – to comb, v; pale, adj – to pale, v; to make, v – make, n are numerous in the vocabulary.
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Shortening
| is a further type of word building, which increases the number of homonyms.
| Fan, n in the sense of ‘enthusiastic admirer of some kind of sport or of an actor, singer, etc.’ is a shortening produced fromfanatic. Its homonym is a Latin borrowing fan, n which denotes an implement for waving lightly to produce a cool current of air.
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Калишева Ж.Г.
«___» _____________2012 ж.
Магистр ин. филологии, ст.преподаватель Толеубаева А.М.
Положение содержит методические указания по выполнению курсовой работы и предназначено для студентов
Положение утверждено Методическим советом Высшей Школы международного права и международных отношений
Протокол № 1 от 29 августа 2011 г.
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