 |
|
Most developed animals
2. The presence of an endoskeletonin the form of rod-like supporting structure called notochord.
3. The presence of Hemoglobinin the red blood cells.
| P.O.C | Class Chondrichthyes | Class Osteichthyes |
| Example |  Dog fish ,
shark
| Bouri , bolti.
|
| Skeleton | Endoskeleton Cartilaginous | Endoskeleton Bony |
| Body cover | Placoid scales | Bony scales |
| Mouth | On the ventral surface with strong teeth. | Terminal |
| Locomotion | By fins | By fins |
| Respiration | Breathe Oxygen dissolved in water by Gills which are not covered by an operculum (cover) | Breathe Oxygen dissolved in water by gills which are covered by an operculum (cover) |
| Reproduction | Separate sexes Internal Fertilization | Separate sexes External Fertilization |
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
| Class Amphibia | Class Reptilia | Class Aves | Class mammalia | |
| Examples | Frog, toad,
 salamander
| Turtle,Chameleon,
 Lizards, snakes
|  Duck,owl, duck, hawk, pigeon, fowl, ostrich
| Cheetah
 Goat, sheep, cat, dog, whale, rat & horse
|
| Environment | Their embryonic stages inhabit water. Adults on land | on land, some live in water but lay their eggs on land Body divided into 4 regions Head, neck, trunk and tail. | on land | Most on land except the Whale and dolphin in water. |
| Respiration | First stages by gills. Adult by lungs and skin | Lungs | Lungs | Lungs |
| Reproduction | Lay eggs Adult return back to water only at the time of fertilization | Lay eggs separate sexes | Lay eggs Sexes are separate | give birth Sexes separate |
| Fertilization | external | Internal | ||
| Body temperature | Cold blooded | Warm blooded | ||
| Body cover | smooth slimy skin due to mucus secreted by mucous glands | horny scales | Feathers | fur or hair |
| Movement | Has two pairs of pentadactyle limbs for locomotion on land. Hind limbs with webbed toes are used for swimming. | have four weak limbs ending with five fingers with horny claws Snakes have no limbs | fore limbs are modified into Wings to fly Few cannot fly (ostrich) Hind limbs for swimming & diving or moving on land Protruding sternum , attached to strong wing muscles. | Have 4 pentadactyle limbs may have horny claws, toes, nails or hooves. |
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
| Subclass Prototheria | Subclass Metatheria | Subclass Eutheria | |
| Examples | Duck-billed
 platypus
|  Kangaroo
| 
|
| Developement | Lay eggs . The youngs suckle milk secreted by mammary glands on the bottom of the abdomen of the mother. | Give birth . The young aren't fully developed, The mother keeps them in a pouch where they suckle milk from nipples till complete development. | Give birth to fully developed offspring. Feeding on milk from the mother’s mammary glands. |
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
| Order Edentata | Order Insectivora | Order Carnivora | Order Cetacea | |
| Examples |  Sloth, armadillo & ant eaters.
|  Hedgehog
|  Lion, tiger, dog, cat,wolf & fox.
|  Whale,dolphin
|
| Teeth | Most of them are without teeth. | Their front teeth extend outwardlike pincers to capture the prey. | They have large pointed canines Premolars are provided with sharp projections. Broad molars used for crushing bones. | Forelimbs are modified to paddle-like. Hind limbs are absent. The last vertebra of the tail is horizontally flattened forming the tail fin. |
| Key features | Have strong curved Claws. |
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
| P. O. C. | Order Ungulata | Order Rodentia | Order Lagomorpha | Order Chiropetra |
| Examples | Cattle, sheep, camel, elephant,
Giraffe,Zebra
| Gerboa
Mouse
| Rabbit
| Bat
|
| Teeth | A pair of Chisel shaped incisors in each jaw. | A pair of sharp incisors in the upper jaw. 2 pairs of incisors in the lower jaw. | ||
| Key features | (meaning "hoofed animal") use the tips of their toes, usually hoofed, to sustain their whole body weight while moving.
 Instep bones in their legs elongate therefore the wrist & ankle joints are above the ground.
| long tails | Short tails | Fly during night. Weak sight. Their wings are made of thin skin stretched over long, thin finger bones |
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Primates
1. Humans & animals such as lemurs, monkeys, gorilla, chimpanzee are the most developed mammals.
2. They have big brains , highly developed nervous system & high intelligence.
3. They have pentadactyl limbs .The first digit lies opposite to the other ones allowing these animals to use their palms in catching things accurately.
 | |||
 | |||
Chapter (5)
Interaction Among living organisms
Living organisms are classified according to how they obtain energy (feed) to
a- Photosynthesis:use simple raw material (water, salts, CO2 ) to build organic products used by plants and other living organisms .
It renews oxygen used in respiration and absorbs the excess CO2 in atmospheric air to keep the ratio of atmospheric gases constant.
b- Decomposers:such as bacteria & fungi break organic complex materials in dead bodies are into simple salts to renew the soil and compensate what is lost by plants . Decomposition prevents the accumulation of dead bodies.
G.R. Cattle herds, bee communities, coral colonies live in groups.
To get food, shelter and safety.
1. Predation: is a relation between 2 different species where one obtains its food through preying upon the other (predator and prey).
| Predator | Prey |
| Nepenthes Drosera Dionaea Urticularia | 
|
| Predator | Prey |
| Cat Lion Shark | Rat Cattle Fish |
 |  | ||||
 | |||||
Nepenthes (Pitcher – plant) is well prepared for insect predation as:
1. Leaves are modified into pitcher like structure that fill with rain water to trap insects that sink in it.
2. The pitcher has downward directed protrusions so insects slide downwards and can’t go upwards .
3. The insect closes the pitcher so the insect dies .the leaf secretes digestive juices to digest the insect body then it is absorbed by the pitcher wall.