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Write a contract of your own.
Try your best in representing the back translation of the text.
Lesson 3
CONFLICT MANAGING
Words to master:
denial – відмова
to solve – вирішувати, знаходити вихід
verbal – словесний, усний
behaviour – поведінка, спосіб дії
to resolve – вирішувати, приймати рішення
to interfere – вмішуватися, перетинатися
awareness – поінформованість
index finger – вказівний палець
to wag – махати, качати
to exhibit – показувати, виставляти
response – відповідь, відгук
to grasp – схвачувати, контролювати
Translate the sentences using the words from the list:
a) The index finger is next to the thumb.
b) They issued official denials.
c) Success is gained by resolving on winning.
d) In all cultures we know, men exhibit an aesthetic sense.
e) No matter how Bob tried, he could not understand irrational behaviour.
f) You mustn't allow them to interfere with your business.
g) Bind them fast to their chairs that they shall not wag.
h) That student has got remarkable grasp of the subject
i) I’m afraid we cannot help you to solve a question.
j) He did it by verbal order from Sir W. Coventry.
Read and translate the text:
Conflict management
Part I.
Conflictis a problem between two or more people. There are three styles of conflict:
1. Denial— you pretend there is no problem.
2. Confrontation — you fight with the other.
3. Problem solving — you talk together about the problem and together find a way to solve it that is good for both of you.
Conflict happens when one or more people can't agree on something. It happens because we all think differently and have different opinions.
Conflict management
In order to manage conflict successfully, people must understand their own feelings about conflict.Triggers are any verbal or nonverbal behaviourthat result in anger or other emotional reactions. Such anger can lead to a conflict or can make a conflict harder to resolve. Triggers are like lightning bolts. When they strike, they interfere with the communication between people. Triggers cause disputants to focus on the annoying behaviour instead of on the problem they are trying to solve. An awarenessof triggers means that we know what types of behaviour cause anger in ourselves and others.
Part II.
Everyone has triggers. For example, some people do not like to have an index finger waved in their face by someone who is criticising them. The waggingfinger triggers the person's anger, and then he or she cannot concentrate on the underlying problem! Triggering someone's anger usually makes a problem more difficult to solve.
In order to be able to resolve conflicts in our own lives, we need to understand and recognise the things that make other people angry. Once we are conscious of our own triggers, we can understand when another person exhibits a type of behaviour that makes us angry. We can also assume that many of the things that make us angry will have the same effect on other people. To avoid pulling others' triggers, we have to pay particular attention to our own behaviour.
Once we see and understand our own triggers, we can take control of our responses. Once we grasp the underlying causes of anger, we can develop the patience and skill to be effective conflict managers. Often, it is helpful to see the problem from another person's perspective. Standing in the shoes of another person can help us discover new ideas for resolution.
Find English equivalents to the following word combinations:
a) Вдавати, що проблеми немає
b) Шляхи вирішення проблеми
c) Різні точки зору
d) Відмінно управляти конфліктом
e) Невербальна поведінка
f) Удари блискавки
g) Спілкування з людьми
h) Поведінка, що дратує
i) Махати вказівним пальцем
j) Бути здатним вирішити конфлікт
k) Знати власні тригери
l) Основні причини злості
m) Бути на місці іншого
Make up word combinations:
fight with behaviour
agree on attention
to manage ideas
verbal behaviour
harder to resolve
lightning the other
annoying something
awareness of triggers
index bolts
difficult to of behaviour
pay finger
type conflict
discover solve
True or false:
1) Conflictis a problem between people.
2) Conflict happens when one or more people disagree on something.
3) People don’t need to understand their own feelings about conflictin order to manage conflict successfully.
4) Triggers are what we say and do when we are angry.
5) An awarenessof triggers means that we can determine types of behaviour.
6) Once we are conscious of our own triggers, we can understand a type of behaviour that makes us angry.
7) To avoid pulling others' triggers, we have to pay no attention to our own behaviour.
8) Once we see and understand our own triggers, we no more can take control of our responses.
9) Understanding another person can help us discover new ideas for resolution.
Questions for discussion:
What conflict style is the most typical for you?
What are the main triggers of your own?
What behaviour makes you feel angry?
How do you usually solve conflicts?
Take a test
What's your style?
Define the degree of assertiveness you demonstrate in a variety of commonly occurring situations. Choose the number that best indicates how you most often act in each scenario and be honest with yourself.
0= Never
1 = Rarely
2 = Sometimes
3 = Usually
4= Always
1. Do you find it hard to compliment or praise others?
2. Do you finish other people's sentences for them?
3. When you're angry, do you call people names or use obscenities?
4. Do you often step in and make decisions for other people?
5. Do you get nervous when someone watches you work?
6. Do you easily lose your temper?
7. Do you get into fights with others, especially strangers?
8. When someone is acting unfairly, do you let them continue?
9. When others break ahead of you in the lunch line, do you keep quiet?
10. Do you always think you have the right answer?
11. Do you bully others to get your way?
12. At parties, do you feel like a wallflower?
13. Do you find it hard to make decisions?
14. When you meet a stranger, does that person usually have to initiate conversation?
15. Are you uncertain about decisions you make?
16. Are you reluctant to share your opinions in a group discussion?
17. Do you often avoid people or situations for fear of being embarrassed?
18. Are you openly critical of other people's ideas, opinions or behaviour?
19. Do you find it hard to express love or affection?
20. Do you find it hard to say "no" to your friends unreasonable requests?
21. When you disagree with someone you respect, do you find it hard to' speak up about your opinion?
22. If a person has borrowed something and not returned it, do you hesitate to ask for it back?
23. If your steak is improperly cooked at a restaurant, do you eat it anyway?
24. At the movies, would you hesitate to ask someone to quiet down so you can hear?
0-25 Very Assertive
26-35 Assertive
36-75 Unassertive
76-100 Very Unassertive
Two components of assertiveness are honesty and respect. Assertiveness involves standing up for your thoughts, feelings and beliefs in a direct, honest and appropriate way that does not violate another person's rights or show disrespect.
Compiled by
H.Pavlenko, L.Honcharenko, N.Kostenko,
Gumnasia 8, Odessa
Lesson 4
GLOBALIZATION
Words to master:
upheaval - зрушення
trade flows - товаропотік
reverse - зворотний
to foster - заохочувати; сприяти
to expand - поширювати(ся)
to intertwine - вплітати(ся), переплітати(ся)
commodity - товар
erosion - роз'їдання, витравлення, поступове руйнування
sovereignty - суверенітет
outsourcing – закупівля із зовнішніх джерел
to supplant - зайняти чиєсь місце
to undergo - зазнавати, зносити, переносити
Read and translate the text:
Globalisation
Part I.
Globalisation(or globalization) is a recent term used to describe the changes in societies and the world economy that result from dramatically increased international trade and cultural exchange. It describes the increase of trade and investing due to the falling of barriers and the interdependence of countries. In specifically economic contexts, it is often understood to refer almost exclusively to the effects of trade, particularly trade liberalization or "free trade".
Between 1910 and 1950, a series of political and economic upheavals dramatically reduced the volume and importance of international trade flows. But starting with WWI and continuing through WWII, when the Bretton Woods institutions were created (i.e. the IMF and the GATT), globalization trends reversed. In the post-World War II environment, fostered by international economic institutions and rebuilding programs, international trade dramatically expanded. With the 1970s, the effects of this trade became increasingly visible, both in terms of the benefits and the disruptive effects.
Although all three aspects are closely intertwined, it is useful to distinguish economic, political and cultural aspects of globalization.
Part II.
Characteristics
Globalization has become identified with a number of trends, most of which may have developed since World War II. These include greater international movement of commodities, money, information, and people; and the development of technology, organizations, legal systems, and infrastructures to allow this movement.
· Economically
ü Increase in international trade at a faster rate than the growth in the world economy
ü Erosion of national sovereignty and national borders through international agreements leading to organizations like the WTO and OPEC
ü Development of global financial systems
ü Increased role of international organizations such as WTO, WIPO, IMF
ü Increase of economic practices like outsourcing, by multinational corporations
· Culturally
ü Greater international cultural exchange,
ü Spreading of multiculturalism, and better individual access to cultural diversity
ü Greater international travel and tourism
ü Greater immigration, including illegal immigration
Part III.
· Development of a global telecommunications infrastructure and greater transborder data flow, using such technologies as the Internet, communication satellites and telephones
· International criminal court and international justice movements.
· Some argue that even terrorism has undergone globalization with attacks in foreign countries that have no direct relation with the own country. Barriers to international trade have been considerably lowered since World War II through international agreements such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Particular initiatives carried out as a result of GATT
and the WTO, for which GATT is the foundation, have included:
· Promotion of free trade of goods:
· Reduction or elimination of tariffs; construction of free trade zones with small or no tariffs
· Reduced transportation costs, especially from development of containerization for ocean shipping.
· Intellectual Property Restrictions
· Harmonization of intellectual property laws across nations (generally speaking, with more restrictions)
Find English equivalents to the following word combinations:
Міжнародна торгівля, вільна торгівля, переворот, зменшувати,
поширюватися, дія, що знищує, взаємопов’язані, основний аспект,
поступове знищення, призводити до, мати справу з/співпрацювати,
культурний обмін, витісняти, протизаконна іміграція, міжнародне
кримінальне право, сперечатися, перешкода, обмеження, наднаціональний,
інтелектуальна власність.
Answer the questions:
1. What does the term globalisation describe?
2. What are the economic, political and cultural aspects of globalisation?
3. What is mundialisation?
4. What are the characteristics of economical globalisation?
5. What are the aspects of cultural globalisation?
6. What is free trade?
7. What is anti-globalisation?
Semester VI
Lesson 1