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Classes of Verbs in English vs. Ukrainian



 

The main classes of verbs as to their functional significance are common in the contrasted languages. These are a) notional verbs (go, ask, write; іти, запитувати, писати) and b) auxiliary verbs. The latter split into primary (be, do, have; бути, мати), modal (can, may, must, could, should, need; могти, мусити, сміти, мати, etc.) and linking verbs (appear, look, become turn grow; ставати, здаватися).

 

English lexical/nominal verbs split into two subclasses which are not available in Ukrainian. These are 1) regular verbs forming their past stem and the past participle with the help of the ending, -ed, -d or -t (dressed/worked, paid/said, learnt/sent); 2) irregular verbs having their past stems and the past participle formed by way of alteration of their base vowel (bind - bound - bound, take - took - taken, begin -began - begun). Some irregular verbs also have vowel mutation + the past indefinite/past participle -d or -t ending (tell - told - told, keep -kept - kept, think - thought - thought). There are also some mixed-type verbs in English (show — showed - shown, crow — crew — crowed). A separate subclass of irregular verbs form the so-called invariables, which have the same form for the present and past stem/past participle, eg: cast - cast - cast, cost - cost - cost, let - let - let, put - put - put, etc. They are not available in Ukrainian, thought suppletive verbs are common, however, (cf. be - was - were, go - went; бути - є, іти -пішов, пішла, брати - взяв, узяли).

 

The subdivision of verbs into classes is based in Ukrainian on the correlation between the infinitival stem of the verb on the one hand and its present or simple future stem on the other. On this morphological basis thirteen classes of verbs are distinguished in Ukrainian (Table 18). In the first class of verbs the infinitival stem has the suffixes -ува-/-юва, and the present tense stem the suffix -yj-/-ioj, -j-: куп-ува-ти - куп-у]-ютъ; танц-юва-ти - танц-у]-утъ; лупц-юва-ти - лупц-yj-ymb.

 

The verbs of the second class have the suffix -ва- in the infinitival stem and the suffix ва- in the present tense/simple future stem: бувати -/по/бу-Baj-yTb. The verbs of the third class have the suffix -а-/-я-in the infinitival stem and the suffix -aj- in the present/simple future stem: баж-a-mu - баж-aj-ymb, стріл-я-ти - стріл-я/-уть. In the fourth class are verbs with the -i- suffix in the infinitival stem and the -i- suffix in the present/simple future stem: чорн-і-ти - чор-ну-утъ; шал-і-ти - шал-у-утъ. In the fifth class the verbs have the -а-/-я- suffix in the infinitival stem, the zero suffix in the present/simple future tense stem and the -уть/-ють ending in the third person plural: брати - бер-утъ, сл-а-mu - шл-ютъ, смі-я-тися - CMj-утъся. In the sixth class are verbs with the -i- suffix in the infinitival stem and the zero suffix in the present stem: рев-і-ти — рев-утъ, хот-і-ти — хоч-утъ.

 

Verbs of the seventh class have the -Hy- (-OHy-) suffix in the infinitival stem and the -H- (-Hy-) suffix in the simple future tense stem: zy-Kny-mu, zyK-n-ymb, KpuK-ny-mu, KpuK-n-ymb. Verbs of the eighth class have a zero suffix in each of the two stems and the ending -yTb-in the third person plural: нес-ти - нес-уть, вез-ти - вез-уть. Verbs of the ninth class have a zero suffix in the infinitival stem, a -j- suffix in the present tense stem and the ending -уть- in the third person plural: pu-mu - pu-j-уть, кри-ти - кри-j-ymb. Verbs of the tenth class have the -H-(-J-) suffix in the infinitival stem, a zero suffix in the present tense stem and the -ать- ending in the third person plural: вод-ити - еодж-у, вод^-а-ть, no-j-imu — no-j-y, no-j-ать.

Verbs of the eleventh class have an -a- suffix in the infinitival stem, a zero suffix in the present tense stem and the -ать- ending in the third person plural: крич-у - крич-ать, мовч-у - мовч-ать.

Verbs of the twelfth class have an -i- suffix in the infinitival stem and a zero suffix in the present stem: горч-ти - гор-ю, летч-ти -леч-у. Verbs of the thirteenth class have a 0 suffix in both the stems and the ending -ать- in the third person plural: бгг-ти - бгж-ать. According to their paradigmatic features, verbs of classes I — IX belong to the first declension group, and the rest (classes X — XIII) are of the second declension group. These structural classes of verbs differ from each other by their productivity. The most productive are the first, the third, the fourth, the fifth and the ninth classes. All remaining classes (the second, the sixth, the seventh, the eighth, the tenth, the eleventh, the twelfth, and the thirteenth) are either semantically closed or poorly represented as it is the case with the last two of them.

 

As regards their role in expressing predicativity, verbs in the contrasted languages may be a) of complete predication or b) of incomplete predication. Verbs of complete predication split into some common groups singled out on the basis of their implicit dependent grammatical meanings. These groups are:

 

1. Subjective verbs (always intransitive) like to act, to go, to sleep, to glisten (діяти, йти, спати, блищати and others).

2. Objective verbs (only transitive): to give, to take, to envy (брати, давати, заздрити and others).

3. Terminative verbs, expressing action having final aims (to close, to open, to come, to find; зачиняти, приходити, заходити).

4. Durative verbs, expressing action with no final aim: to like, to love, to hate, to hope, to work (подобатись, любити, ненавидіти).

5. Mixed- type verbs, which can have both terminative and durative meaning: to sit, to stand, to know, to remember (сидіти, стояти, знати, пам'ятати, etc).

6. Reflexive verbs, which are formed in English with the help of reflexive pronouns: oneself, myself, himself, ourselves: to wash oneself, to shave himself; to see herself in the mirror, etc.

 

Reflexive verbs in Ukrainian have some peculiar allomorphic features. Regular equivalents to English verbs can be observed only in the group of the so-called reflexive verbs proper (to wash oneself, to dress oneself, to shave oneself, to powder oneself, etc.), which have also corresponding forms in Ukrainian (вмиватися, голитися, одягатися, пудритися, купатися, etc.).

 

Other groups of Ukrainian reflexive verbs have no equivalents in English" and form an allomorphic feature in the contrasted languages. These verbs are identified as follows:

 

1. Reciprocally reflexive/взаємно-зворотні: зустрічатися, змагатися, вітатися, листуватись, цілуватись. 2. Indirectly re-flexive/непрямо-зворотні: радитися, збиратися (в похід), лашту-ватися (в дорогу). 3. Generally reflexive/загально-зворотні: милуватися, дивуватися, злитися, журитися, мучитися and others. 4. Active-objectless/reflexive verbs (активно-безоб'єктні) кусатися (собака кусається), хвицатися (корова хвицається), дряпатися (кішка дряпається), жалитися (кропива жалиться), колотися (стерня колеться). 5. Passively-qualitative/reflexive пасивно-якісні: гнутися, битися, ламатися, м'ятися, колотися (дерево гарно колеться), кривитися (залізо гнеться, скло б'ється, дитина кривиться). 6. Impersonal-reflexive verbs/безособово-зворотні: не спиться, не їсться, погано/гарно живеться, не лежиться (Cf. the Ukrainian folk-song: I не спиться й не лежиться, І сон мене не бере...).

 

Note. Closely connected with impersonal and reflexive verbs in Ukrainian are a number of impersonal verbs used to form impersonal sentences. These verbs constituting semantically different groups are as follows: вечоріє, дніє, сіріє, розвидняється, примерзає, нудить, хочеться, віриться; не було, не стало, таланить; бракує, вистачає and others.

 

Verbs of incomplete predication are of isomorphic nature. They are presented in English and Ukrainian in four common groups, which are as follows:

1. Auxiliary verbs (to be, to do, to have, shall/will), which are mused in English in the corresponding person and tense form to express the following categorial meanings of the verb: a) the continuous aspect, i. e. the present, the past and future continuous/progressive tenses(/ am/ was, shall be reading); the interrogative and negative or future tense forms of the Indefinite group of tenses (Does he speak English? He did not know me. Will he come soon?); the imperative mood/imperative and incentive meanings: Do it now! Do come, please! The perfect aspect forms of the verb: I have done it. He had had his dinner by then already. We shall have translated the text by then. To express the so-called subjunctive form of the verb: He ordered that everybody be present. Whoever you be you have no right to offend him. To express other subjunctive mood forms: His aunt would not give the photograph. (Hardy) I suggest we should meet here. (Snow) I wish / were fifteen. (Maugham) "If they could be answered, surely they'd have been answered by now." (Ibid). Auxiliary verbs in Ukrainian are restricted only to one verb бути, which is polyfunctional and is used to form some categorial meanings: a) the passive voice (текст був перекладений); b) the analytical future tense form (текст буде перекладений); с) some subjunctive mood forms (якби я був знав, я був би прийшов); d) the pluperfect tense form, which fully corresponds to the English past perfect. (Cf. Ніби й задрімав був зразу, але щось приверзлося, то й проснувся. (Головко) Я заходив був до вас якось улітку, але вас не застав тоді вдома).

2. Close to the auxiliary by their function (and often by their lexical meaning, too) are English and Ukrainian modal verbs. Their number and nomenclature is larger in English (allomorphism) than in Ukrainian. Cf.:

English: can, may, must, should, Ukrainian: вміти, могти, мусити,

would, ought (to), have/be, shall, слід/треба, мати (маєш знати, він will,

dare, daresay, need. має бути), сміти, потребувати.

Linking verbs (дієслова-зв'язки) in both contrasted languages form a verbal, nominal or mixed-type compound predicate. They fall into three main groups:

1. Linking verbs of being, which do not always have direct equiv alents in English and Ukrainian. Cf. to be, to feel, to look, to seem, to taste, to smell — бути, виявлятися, зватися, вважатися, доводитися (Не looks young/tired) or in Ukrainian: Це зветься роботою. Це здається правдою).

2. Linking verbs of becoming (not all of which have equiva lents in Ukrainian): to become, to get, to grow, to turn — ставати, робитися (They grew stronger/Вони стали міцнішими. Ліс зробився рудим.). Не became a teacher — Він став учителем. But: He turned gray/ Він посивів. Вона постаріла. She grew older.

3. Linking verbs of remaining (to remain, to keep, to stay, to continue): He remained silent/satisfied. Він зостався задоволений. The winter continued damp and wet. (Cronin) The weather kept obstinately hot and dry. (Wells) Погода вперто стояла жаркою і сухою.

 







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