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Classification of Field Crops
Crops are variously grouped and classified. They may be classified as cultivated or row crops, such as corn, soybeans, and cotton; noncultivated crops, such as wheat and barley; and hay pasture crops, such as clover, alfalfa and many other small-seeded legumes and grasses.
Crops are also grouped according to the duration of their growth. Annual crops are those that complete their life cycle in one season. Biennials start their growth in one season but produce seed and die at the end of the second season. Perennials grow for more than two seasons, producing seeds each year. The most important and most often used classifications are botanical classification and agronomic classification.
Botanical classification. Botanical classification is based upon similarity of plant parts. Most of our field crops belong to one of the two botanical families: the grasses and the legumes. The main food plants are known to belong to the grass family, including all cereal crops and about three fourths of the cultivated forage crops. Cereals are the world’s leading food and feed crops. They are grain-bearing grasses such as wheat, corn, rye, barley, oats etc. Forage grasses are the ones that are highly essential for the economic production of livestock products. Almost all grasses have hollow stems made up of nodes and internodes. The roots are fibrous. Grasses may be either annuals or perennials.
The legume family includes such large seeded legumes as field peas, field beans, soybeans and such nutritious forage crops as alfalfa and clovers. The plants of this family are the only ones growing in a symbiotic relationship with rhizobia bacteria. Multiplying in the nodules on the roots of the legume crops bacteria are able to fix free atmospheric nitrogen in their bodies and in the plant residues.
Plowing under these plants residues, one can increase soil fertility. Being high in protein content the legume crops are valued as food for man and farm animals. Legumes may be annual, biennials and perennials. The fruit is a pod containing from one to several seeds. Legumes have tap roots.
There are some other botanical families that include crop plants widely used by man. Such crops are potatoes, sugar beets, cotton, flax, buckwheat and others.
Read the text again and say what is the text about.
18. Give heading to the 2nd paragraph of the text.
Read the third paragraph and title it.
Translate the sentences into English.
1.Двулетние культуры не производят семена в первый год.
2. Выращивая бобовые, мы можем повыситьплодородие почвы.
3. Азот фиксируется бобовыми культурами.
4.Культуры классифицируются как однолетние, двулетние и многолетние.
5.Сходство частей растений используется как основадля ботаническойклассификации.
7. Азотфиксируется бактериями, живущими на корнях бобовых.
8. Злаковые отличаются от бобовых типом корней.