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In English In Ukrainian



Simple: at, in, on, of, with, to, by Прості: в, з, о, під, на, за, при, без.

Compound: inside, into, within, Складні: із-за, з-під, з-понад, попід,

without, throughout, upon, etc. поперед, посеред, поміж, щодо, задля.

Derivative: along, below, beside, Похідні: внаслідок, завдяки, коло,

inside, outside, etc. круг,поверх, поперек, довкіл, etc.

Composite (Phrase prepositions): Складені: в справі, на відміну від, by means of, because of, in accor- зв'язку з, поруч з, згідно з, незалеж-dance with, owing to, in front of, in но від, у відповідь на, збоку від, spite of, with regard to, on account близько від, в межах, у плані. etc. of, etc.

 

The only structural difference, therefore, is in the group of simple prepositions, among which there are some Ukrainian prepositions consisting of a single consonant or vowel (в, у, о, з). Cf. в очі, у возі, о п'ятій годині, з гір.

 

Mainly common are the parts of speech from which many prepositions are formed (except the diyepryslivnyk). They are: a) nouns: beside, in front of, in accordance with внаслідок, у зв'язку з, слідом за, коло, кругом; b) verbals (participles, diyepryslivnyks): owing to, concerning, including включаючи, завдяки, зважаючи; с) adverbs (the largest number): along, before, down, among близько, довкола, ззаду, обабіч, серед, etc.

 

The lexico-grammatical meaning of prepositions as semi-notional words is isomorphic in both languages as well. Prepositions may be temporal (before noon до обіду, after that після того, during the war під час війни, since Monday від понеділка, until he came доки він не прийде, etc.); local (along the road вздовж дороги, across the street через шлях, among the books серед книжок, in front of me переді мною), behind/over the house за/над хатою; causal (because of that через те що, in view of all this з погляду на це, or pervasive (he poured water all over me з голови до ніг); concessive (despite his expectations всупереч його очікуванням).

 

Prepositions are characterised by an almost exclusive bilateral combinability with any left-hand notional and a right-hand nominal part of speech/its equivalent. Cf.

 

noun noun

verb verb/gerund*

adjective preposition pronoun

pronoun adjective

numeral numeral

adverb word — group

stative

 

A preposition expressing a relation between two entities forms a prepositional complement with the right-hand component. The latter is almost always morphologically amorphous, except when it is a personal or interrogative/relative w/h-pronoun having in English an objective case form, eg: ask about me, done by him/them, promised by whom, etc. Ukrainian prepositional complements are almost entirely marked by case inflexions, i. e. governed analytico-synthetically (cf. книжка для неї/Марії, лист від товариша, троє з товаришів, засмаглий на сонці, легко на душі).

In titles, however, prepositions may have only a right-hand combinability, eg:

"To a skylark" (Shelley). "OfHuman Bondage" (Maugham), "Under the Greenwood Tree" (T. Hardy), "До Основ'яненка" (Шевченко), До мого фортеп'яно" (Л. Українка), "Під мінаретами" (Коцюбинський), "На майдані" (Тичина), etc.

A peculiar feature of English is the postposed use of prepositions in some interrogative sentences (What paper have you subscribed to?); in exclamations (What an accident he's got in!), or in the subjective with the infinitive constructions (She's impossible to work with).

According to their meaning prepositions in the contrasted languages may express various syntactic relations, the main of which are as follows:

1. Agentive relations: the play written by Shakespeare бути /під чиєюсь високою рукою/під орудою.

2. Objective relations: to be angry/ satisfied with somebody сердитись на когось, помиритися з кимсь.

3. Attributive relations: birds of a feather, the man in question товариші по школі, друзі з Канади.

4. Various adverbial relations: a) temporal: to depart on Monday, to arrive in spring від'їжджати в понеділок, приїхати в березні/через півроку; b) local: in the cottage, behind the fence, in front of the house у хаті, за тином, під лісом; с) of direction: into the room, go out of the room, he went to the door у кімнату/з кімнати, зайдіть до хати; d) of manner or comparison: to look in astonishment, the air came in a warm wave глянути з подивом; радощів у серці через край (Тичина); е) of attendant circumstances: Winter set in early and unexpectedly with a heavy fall of snow. (Cronin) зима прийшла зі снігопадами; f of cause: My dog pants, with the heat собака задихається від спеки. Троє діток на віспу вмерли. (Федькович); g) of concession: they continued their way despite the rain, he would do it in spite of the obstacles. Чорнявому зрадливому на лютеє горе... (Шевченко). Він приїде незважаючи на хворобу; h) of possession: books of his brother, the windows of the cottage. Стояв генерал... при всіх орденах (Яновсь-кий). Отже, будемо й ми при розумі. (Головко).

5. Various other relations as: a) Relations of resemblance: she is like her mother (він схожий на батька), b) Relations of subordination: to be secretary to the firm manager бути секретарем у посла, с) Relations of dissociation: to be devoid of suspicion бути вільним від підозри/бути поза підозрою, etc.

These are the main but far from all the relations expressed by pre-repositions in English and Ukrainian word-groups and utterances. Allomorphism is observed only in the nature of the syntactic functions of prepositions. These are mainly linking in English, where prepositions generally do not require any case form from the right-hand nominal component (cf. a book of my brother, toys/or the child, four of the boys). An exception present the so-called grammaticalised preposition of, to, for, by and with which explicitly express the corresponding case relations, namely: of the genitive case relation (books of hers, theirs), to the dative case relation (sent to them, books for him/us), by and with the instrumental (орудний) case relation (written by him/them, us, went with her, us, them), etc.

In Ukrainian, on the other hand, prepositions govern nouns, pronouns, numerals, substantivised adjectives and nominal word-groups, eg: праця в садку/на полі, лежати під грушею (під дубом), лист від нього/від першого, захист від польових гризунів, книжка для двох, переляк від червоного, etc.

Ukrainian prepositions may be used with nominals in a certain case form only, as for instance, in the genitive case (без, біля, від, для, до, and others) or with two cases, for example, with the accusative and instrumental case (над, під, перед), and sometimes with three cases (з, за, між, у): у житті, у відповідь, з горя/горем. Therefore, Ukrainian prepositions, unlike the English ones, help to express different syntactic relations through case forms of the subordinated nominal parts of speech in word-groups and utterances/sentences. Each of the more than 130 Ukrainian prepositions is used to express one or more case relations as can party be observed from the following table:

Таблица стр 263

Even a passing look at the table proves the existence of a quantitative disproportionality concerning the allocation of Ukrainian prepositions among separate case forms. Thus, no derivative prepositions are used with the accusative, instrumental and locative case forms. Besides, the dative case lacks derivative and composite prepositions, whereas the locative case has only some 5 simple prepositions to govern nominal parts of speech. The overwhelming number of prepositions, however, are used in Ukrainian with the genitive case. Their number more than two times exceeds the number of prepositions used with all other case forms.

One more is also an isomorphic feature pertained to the contrasted languages which finds its expression in the occasional use of some Ukrainian (like English) prepositions to perform a purely linking function. This happens in cases when prepositions are used to connect (not govern!) unchangeable foreign nouns. Cf. їхати в таксі, вийти з фойє, ходити без кольє, бути в кімоно/сарі, народитися в Туапсе, мешкати в Бордо/Ліворно. Despite this the syntactic functions of prepositional phrases are common in both languages. They may be in the sentence as subject (cf. For me to read it was easy), predicative (this is for me to decide), as an attribute (a book for you to read) or as an adverbial modifier. [I left something under your door for you to read it. (Carter)] In other words, prepositional phrases may be complements to verbs, adjectives (Cf. The need of doing something, sorry for something). They can perform the functions of attributive or adverbial adjuncts (books for reading, singing in the room), or serve as disjuncts (to my surprise, the student answered well), or conjuncts (on the other hand, she was free).

 







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